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Right:
That to which someone has a just claim. Some rights, called natural rights, are God-given, fundamental to the human person, and common to all people. It is the duty of the government to protect our natural rights. Other rights, called political rights or civil rights, can be given and/ or taken away by civil authority, such as the right to vote, serve on juries, or receive a public education.
The Golden Rule:
The rule to “do unto others as you would have done unto you.” In other words, to treat others as you would wish to be treated. and to love your neighbor as yourself.
Distributive Justice:
The most basic form of social relations pertaining to what any society owes its individual members in proportion to their contributions and needs.
Law:
An ordinance of reason promulgated by a proper authority for the common good.
Authority:
The quality of exercising power over others and expecting obedience from them. All communities need someone or some institution in authority. Authority is exercised legitimately only when it seeks the common good of the group and employs morally licit means to attain it.
Legal Justice:
What each person owes in fairness to the community, such as obeying just laws and respecting legitimate authority.
Property:
Those things we legitimately own, including our material possessions and the fruits of our labor.
Civil Law:
The set of laws people make by their own powers, such as the laws of various federal, state, and local governments.
Anarchy:
A state of lawlessness. In political terms, it is a nation or polity lacking any authority and governance.
Moral Law:
A rule of conduct established by competent authority for the common good. In biblical terms, the moral law is the fatherly instruction of God, setting forth the ways that lead to happiness and proscribing those that lead to evil.
Civil Disobedience:
The refusal to obey civil laws or demands and the willingness to accept punishment for this disobedience, as a form of nonviolent protest.
Commutative Justice:
The regulation of exchange between persons and between institutions in accordance with a strict respect for their rights. It obligates both parties to responsibility, requires safeguarding of property rights, paying debts, and fulfilling obligations freely contracted. Without it, no other form of justice is possible.
Contract:
A legally binding agreement between two or more parties that can be dissolved once the conditions of the agreement have been fulfilled (or not) or upon mutual agreement.
Covenant:
A sacred permanent bond of family relationship. God entered into a series of covenants with His People throughout Salvation History to invite us to be part of His divine family and to prepare us gradually and in stages, and in words and deeds, to receive the gift of salvation.
Social Justice:
The responsibility of each member of society to respect the dignity of every human being, and the rights which flow from that dignity and guarantee it. Society must provide the conditions that allow people to obtain what is their due according to their nature and vocation.
Socialism:
An economic and political philosophy in which the means of production, distribution, and exchange is owned by the centralized government. The individual does not own the fruits of his labor, but relies on the government to distribute goods.
Divine Revelation:
God’s communication of Himself, by which He makes known the mystery of His divine plan by deeds and words over time, and most fully by sending His Son, Jesus Christ.
Reason:
The powers of the mind, or intellect, to know and understand through the process of logic.
Social Responsibility:
The obligation of justice and charity that individuals owe to other members of their society.
Freedom:
The power, rooted in reason and will, to act or not to act, and so to perform deliberate actions of one’s own. Freedom attains perfection when it is directed toward God, the sovereign Good.
Hierarchy of Goods:
The order of goods according to their value.
General/Last Judgment: (n.):The judgment experienced on the Last Day in which the light of Christ, who is Truth itself, will illuminate everything. Nothing will remain hidden. We will see not only all of our own individual choices for or against God, but how each one affected everyone else and the whole order of creation. On this, then, we will be judged and welcomed to eternal life with Christ in the New Heavens and the New Earth, or banished into the eternal torment of Hell.
Encyclical:
A pastoral letter written by the pope and sent to the whole Church and even to the whole world, to express Church teaching on some important matter.
Objective Truth:
A truth that corresponds to reality. It exists independent and regardless of one’s own thoughts, feelings, preferences, or even knowledge of it.
Goods of Utility:
Goods that lead us toward some other purpose we wish to attain.
Honest Goods:
Goods that deserve our love for their own sake and not for the sake of anything else.
Tyranny:
The rule of an oppressive government or ruler who exercises abolute power over the people.
Private Good:
Any good that belongs to an individual by right.
Public Good:
Something that a commonwealth shares responsibility for, such as roads or a park. Public goods are always goods of utility.
A Common Good:
An end to which authorities should direct society’s members, like justice, peace, and truth.