anatomy & physiology

Flashcards in the FILL_IN_THE_BLANK style based on lecture notes about Anatomy and Physiology.

__ is the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

Anatomy

__ is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms.

Physiology

__ is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis

__ is a standard position where the body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Anatomical Position

A __ divides the body into left and right parts.

Sagittal Plane

A __ divides the body into front and back portions.

Coronal Plane

The __ divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Transverse Plane

__ means toward the head or upper part of the body.

Superior

__ means away from the head or toward the lower part of the body.

Inferior

__ means toward the front of the body.

Anterior

__ means toward the back of the body.

Posterior

__ means toward the midline of the body.

Medial

__ means away from the midline of the body.

Lateral

__ means closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Proximal

__ means further from the point of attachment or origin.

Distal

The __ is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

Cell

A __ is a group of cells with similar structure and function.

Tissue

An __ is a structure composed of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

Organ

An __ is a group of organs that work together to perform a common function.

Organ System

An __ is a complete living entity composed of several organ systems.

Organism

A __ helps regulate homeostasis by using feedback to adjust systems.

Feedback Mechanism

__ amplifies or intensifies a change in a feedback loop.

Positive Feedback

__ counteracts a change, maintaining stability in a feedback loop.

Negative Feedback

__ is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP).

Cellular Respiration

__ is the sum of all chemical reactions within the body.

Metabolism

__ are atoms or molecules with an electrical charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

Ions

__ are minerals that carry an electrical charge and are vital for various physiological processes.

Electrolytes

A __ is a lipid molecule that forms the structural component of cell membranes.

Phospholipid

__ is a condition in which the body's homeostasis is disrupted, leading to disease.

Homeostatic Imbalance

An __ is the smallest unit of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Atom

The __ is the outer boundary of the cell that regulates the passage of materials in and out.

Plasma Membrane

The __ is the fluid inside the cell that contains the organelles.

Cytoplasm

The __ is the control center of the cell that contains DNA.

Nucleus

__ are organelles that produce energy for the cell in the form of ATP.

Mitochondria

__ are small structures where protein synthesis occurs.

Ribosomes

The __ is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The __ modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

Golgi Apparatus

__ contain enzymes to digest waste materials and cellular debris.

Lysosome

__ break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

Peroxisome

The __ maintains cell shape and facilitates movement.

Cytoskeleton

The __ organizes microtubules for cell division.

Centrosome

The__ is the region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced.

Nucleolus

The __ contains DNA and proteins in the nucleus.

Chromatin

A __ is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.

Gene

__ is the process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis

__ is the type of cell division that produces four genetically distinct gametes (sperm or egg).

Meiosis

__ is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Diffusion

__ is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Osmosis

__ is the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

Active Transport

__ is the process by which cells engulf large particles or liquids.

Endocytosis

__ is the process by which cells expel materials through vesicles.

Exocytosis

__ is the engulfing of solid particles by a cell.

Phagocytosis

__ is the ingestion of liquids by a cell.

Pinocytosis

__ is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Tissue

__ covers body surfaces and lines cavities.

Epithelial Tissue

__ provides support, protection, and binds other tissues.

Connective Tissue

__ contracts and allows movement.

Muscle Tissue

__ transmits electrical signals throughout the body.

Nervous Tissue

__ are thin, flat cells that form the outer layer of the skin and line blood vessels.

Squamous Epithelium

__ are cube-shaped cells found in glands and kidney tubules.

Cuboidal Epithelium

The __ is the largest organ of the body, which provides protection and regulates temperature.

Skin

The __ is the outermost layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Epidermis

The __ is the layer beneath the epidermis containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.

Dermis

The __ is the deepest layer of skin, also called the subcutaneous layer, made of adipose tissue.

Hypodermis

__ in the epidermis produce keratin, a protein that provides strength to the skin.

Keratinocytes

__ in the epidermis produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.

Melanocytes

The __ is the outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead keratinized cells.

Stratum Corneum

The __ is the deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are produced.

Stratum Basale

__ produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.

Sebaceous Glands

__ secrete sweat to regulate body temperature and excrete waste.

Sweat Glands

The __ produces hair.

Hair Follicle

The __ is the area at the base of the nail where new nail cells are formed.

Nail Matrix

__ in the dermis provides strength and elasticity to the skin.

Collagen

__ in the dermis provides skin with elasticity.

Elastin

__ is a type of skin cancer that originates in the basal cells of the epidermis.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

__ is a serious type of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes.

Melanoma

__ is skin damage caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Sunburn

__ occur with age due to a decrease in collagen and elastin production.

Wrinkles

__ is hair loss or baldness.

Alopecia

__ is a chronic skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches on the skin.

Psoriasis

__ is a condition in which hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells, leading to pimples.

Acne

__ is inflammation of the skin, often causing redness, swelling, and itching.

Dermatitis

__ is a condition in which patches of skin become inflamed, itchy, and red.

Eczema

__ are red, inflamed areas of skin that are often a symptom of an underlying condition.

Rashes

__ is tissue damage caused by heat, chemicals, or radiation.

Burns

A __ is a fluid-filled sac formed when the skin is damaged.

Blister

__ is the darkening of the skin due to increased melanin production in response to UV exposure.

Suntan

__ is the widening of blood vessels near the skin surface to release heat.

Vasodilation

__ is the narrowing of blood vessels near the skin surface to retain heat.

Vasoconstriction

__ is a condition caused by prolonged exposure to cold, leading to a dangerously low body temperature.

Hypothermia

__ is a hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton and provides support and protection.

Bone

An __ is a mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix.

Osteocyte

An __ forms new bone tissue.

Osteoblast

An __ breaks down bone tissue.

Osteoclast

__ is bone tissue, which is a type of dense connective tissue.

Osseous Tissue

__ is a type of bone tissue that is less dense and found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of others.

Spongy Bone

__ is dense, hard bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones.

Compact Bone

The __ covers the outer surface of bones, except at the joints.

Periosteum

The __ lines the inner surface of bones, including the medullary cavity.

Endosteum

The __ is the hollow space within the diaphysis of long bones that contains bone marrow.

Medullary Cavity