Chapter 24: Disorders of Leukocytes and Lymphoid Tissues

Blood Fractionation

seperating blood into component parts by centrifuging the blood

Hematopoiesis

formation, development, and maturation of blood cells

Pluripotent Stem Cells

different types of blood cells are derived from a single pool of stem cells

Lymphoid Stem Cells (Pluripotent)

differentiate and eventually develop into B cells, T cells, and NK cells

Myeloid Stem Cells:

differentiate and eventually develop along the erythrocyte/megakaryocyte pathway and the granulocyte/monocyte pathway

Hematopoietic Growth Factors

hormone like regulatory molecules that help in the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of progenitor cells, as well as the functional activation of mature cells

Hematology

study of blood and blood-related disorders, including their etiology, prevention, and treatment

Leukemias

malignant neoplasms of the hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to WBCs

"White Blood"

reversal of the normal RBC to WBC ratio (600:1)

Lymphocytic/Lymphoblastic Cell

leukemic cells that originate from lymphoid stem cells

Myeloeytic/Myelogenous Cell

leukemic cells originate from myeloid stem cells

Leukostasis

medical emergency in people with acute leukemias

Pulmonary Leukostasis

dyspnea that can quickly progress to acute respiratory failure

Cerebral Leukostasis

severe headache that can progress to confusion and coma

CD4+ Helper T Cells

Help plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies

CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells

kill intracellular pathogens

Perforins and Granzymes

destroy cancer cells by secreting enzymes

Lymphoid Tissues

organized structures that support the immune system

Central (Primary) Lymphoid Tissue

tissues where lymphocytes are formed and mature

Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Tissue

tissues where lymphocytes are activated by antigens

MALT (Secondary Lymphoid Tissue)

mucosa-associated lyphoid tissue-- non encapsulated in the GI tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract

Malignant Lymphomas

solid malignant tumors originating in the peripheral lymphoid tissues

Hodgkin's Lymphomas

originate in single lymph node or a group of adjacent lymph nodes, spread in an orderly manner from one group to the next-- aka HLs

Reed-Sternberg Cells

large atypical lymphocyte that are a product of the malignant transformation of B cells

Cervical Lymphadenopathy

enlarged lymph nodes that are rubbery, firm, and mobile-- a early finding in patients with HL

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

originate in multiple lymph nodes or multiple groups of lymph nodes, spread in random manner-- aka NHLs

Burkitt Lymphoma (NHL)

B cell origin, presents as a rapidly growing tumor in the jaw

Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma

T cell origin, presents as persistent, red, itchy, patches on skin

Multiple Myeloma

malignancy of plasma cells

-penia

absence or lower count of a specific type of cell

-cytosis

high count of specific type of cell

Neutropenia

abnormally low number of neutrophils

Agranulocytosis

severe decrease of neutrophils to less than 100/uL

Neutrophilic Leukocytosis

abnormally high number of neutrophils

Lymphocytopenia

abnormally low number of lymphocytes

Lymphocytic Leukocytosis

abnormally high number of lymphocytes

Dauney Cells

large atypical lymphoctes in the blood