AP Psych Constantino review

biological approach

genetics, nervous system, brain structures, hormones, etc

• ex: depression is a chemical imbalance

behavioral approach

rewards & punishments, conditoning

cognitive approach

mental processes like memory, problem solving, decision making, etc.

• ex: negative thought patterns contribute to anxiety

humanistic approach

free will, personal growth, self actualization

psychodynamic approach

freud bruh, unconscious mind, unresolved childhood conflicts, biological drives

sociocultural approach

cultural and societal impacts contributing

evolutionary approach

darwin, natural selection contribution

Wundt

father of modern psychology

Titchner

student of Wundt, came up with structuralism

structuralism

breaking down the human mind’s consciousness into basic components (sensations, feelings, images) with introspection

Functionalism (James)

mental/behavioral processes enable humans & animals to adapt & survive

confirmation bias

standard deviation

how much individual scores in a data set vary from the mean

correlation (inverse vs. direct)

linear relationship between two variables

• 0-+1.00 is positive

• -1.00 is negative

• 0 is no correlation

causation

experiment

• independent & dependent variable

• intends to isolate cause & effect

• random assignment to experimental & control groups

correlational studies

studies the relationship between two variables

case study

• analysis of an individual or a small group

• studying rare scenarios

• cannot establish cause & effect

naturalistic observation

observe behavior without manipulating variables in real-world settings

longitudal study

studying the same group over an extended period of time

cross-sectional study

comparing multiple segments of a population at one single, specific point in time

lab observation

study in a controlled, artificial lab setting

control group

placebo effect

double blind

APA ethical standards

consent, withdraw, protection from harm, confidentiality, publish

neuron parts

resting potential

threshold

neurotransmitter

reuptake

blood-brain barrier

agonistic

antagonistic

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

endocrine system

hormones

brain hemispheres

brain lobes

limbic system

wernicke’s area

broca’s area

weber’s law

gate threshold theory

parallel processing

young-helmholtz trichromatic

opponent process

audition

place & frequency theory

kinesthesis

visual capture

gestalt theory

phi phenomenon

perceptual set

conscious

subconscious

unconscious

circadian rhythm

pineal gland

sleep cycle

delta waves

REM sleep

trances & hypnosis

association

classical conditioning

UC + CS → UCR; CS → CR

acquisition

extinction

spontaneous recovery

operant conditioning

reinforcement

primary vs. secondary

ratio vs. interval

law of effect

pavlov

john watson

thorndike’s box

skinner’s box

heuristic vs. algorithm

utility maximization theory

inductive reasoning

deductive reasoning

syllogism

mental sets

phonemes

morphemes

holophrases

telegraphic speech

chomsky

universal grammar

linguistic determinism

drive reduction theory

homeostasis

incentives

arousal theory

maslow’s hierarchy

basal metabolic rate

s*xual response cycle

distress