cell structures and functions

cell theory

all living things are composed of cells and all cells exist from pre-existing cells

two main types of cells

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes found in

bacteria and archaea

eukaryotes are found in

plants, animals, protists, fungi

thermophiles

live in extreme temperature

halophiles

live in high salinity

plants are… multi/uni-cellular?

multi

animals are… multi/uni-cellular?

multi

protists are… multi/uni-cellular?

multi

fungi are… multi/uni-cellular?

most are unicellular

plant samples

ferns, trees, shrubs, herbs

animals samples

vertebrates and invertebrates

protists samples

algae, protozoa, slime molds

fungi samples

mycelium

plasma membrane nickname

gate keeper

plasma membrane structure

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

plasma membrane function

selectively permeable barrier

plasma membrane key components

phospholipids, membrane proteins, cholesterol

phospholipids

hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails

membrane proteins

integral and peripheral

cholesterol

maintains fluidity

nucleus nickname

brain of the cell

nucleus purpose

houses DNA that holds instructions for building and running the cell

nucleus function

controls cellular activities through gene expression

nucleus key components

nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, nucleolus

nuclear envelope

double membrane for support

nuclear lamina

provides shape for the nucleus

nuclear pores

it has protein complex that open and closes for cellular products

nucleolus

site of ribosome production

endoplasmic reticulum nickname

highway of the cell

two types of ER

smooth and rough

ER structure

network of membranes that acts like a transportation system

Rough ER structure

studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis

Smooth ER function

involved in lipid (fat) production and detoxification

ER liver

has large proportion of SER because it does lots of detoxifying

Liver functions in…

drug tolerance and hormones

law of diminishing returns

the more you use something, the less value you get from it

ER overall functions

Storage of calcium ions: nerve firing and signaling, muscle contraction, bone component

golgi apparatus nickname

the post office/FedEx of the cell

golgi apparatus structure

stack of flattened membrane sacs

golgi apparatus function

modifies, packages, and distributes proteins

golgi apparatus processes

recieves proteins from ER, modifies proteins, sorts and packages proteins for delivery

mitchondria nickname

the powerhouse of the cell

mitochondria structure

double membrane, inner membrane folded into cristae

mitchondria function

ATP production through cellular respiration

mitochondria key features

own mitochondrial DNA, site of krebs cycle and electron transport chains

consequences of mitochondrial DNA mutations?

reduced fitness, age-related diseases, altered lifespan (population bottleneck), adaptation to environmental challenges

ribosomes nickname

protein factory of the cell

ribosomes structure

small granular structures composed of RNA and proteins

where are ribosomes found?

cytoplasm or round ER

ribosomes function

responsible in translation (amino acid to protein)

cytoskeleton nickname

cellular scaffold

cytoskeleton components

microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, microtibules

cytoskeleton function

maintains cell shape, facilitates intracellular transport, enables cell movement

chloroplasts nickname

the solar panels

chloroplasts found in…

plants cells and algae

chloroplasts structure

double membrane, thylakoids arranged in grana

chloroplasts function

photosynthesis (converts light energy to chemical energy)

chloroplasts key components

chlorophyll, photosynthesis