ALL APHUG TERMS

ESPN

Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental

DGC of ESPN

Demographic, Social, Cultural

Economic

relating to trade, industry, and money

Social

one of the 5 AP World themes is focused on structure/systems. Includes development of family groups, gender roles and relations, ethnic and racial constructions and economic class.

Political

relating to the government or the public affairs of a country.

Environmental

relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition.

Demographic

having certain characteristics in common, such as age, race, or gender

Gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

Culture

beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

MDC

More Developed Country

LDC

Less Developed Country

EA

Economic Activities

Primary Economic Activities

economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture

Secondary Economic Activities

economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation

Tertiary Economic Activities

economic activities that move, sell, and trade the products made in primary and secondary activities.

Quaternary Economic Activities

include assembling, distributing, and processing information, and managing other business operations.

Quinary Economic Activities

the most advanced form of Quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research.

GDP equation

data $/ country population

Gross

total, entire

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

GNP

Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year

GNI

Gross national income (now used in preference to gross national product—GNP). The total value of goods and services produced within a country together with the balance of income and payments from or to other countries.

Gini Coeficient

measures the distribution of income across a population; higher implies more inequality

Energy Consumption

the amount of energy consumed by business processes and systems

Renewable Energy

energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.

HDI

Human Development Index, measure of quality of life using factors like life expectancy, literacy, access to clean water, income, etc.

GII

Gender Inequality Index- measures inequality between men and women

IMR

Infant Mortality Rate - number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1000 live births in a society

Fertility Rate

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country

Access to Healthcare

ability to obtain health services when needed

Literacy Rate

percentage of people who can read and write

Gender Inequality

the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status

Inequality

when two things are not equally treated or matched

Equality

the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.

MMR

Maternal Mortality Rate - the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy and its management

Traditional Society (Rostow)

first type of society - behavior is characterized by and based on long-standing customs, habits, and traditions

Pre Conditions (Rostow)

second type of society - leadership begins to develop along with jobs and technology

Take Off (Rostow)

third type of society - trade expands to external sources as governments increase in power

Drive to Maturity (Rostow)

fourth type of society - development of wider industrial and commercial base

Haigh Mass Consumption (Rostow)

fifth type of society - decline of population goes negative as country reaches tip of development

Rostows Stages of Economic Growth

All countries develop in a five-stage process. Development cycle initiated by investment in a takeoff industry that allows the country to grow a comparative advantage, sparks greater economic gain that eventually diffuses throughout the country's economy.

Informal Economy

transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Core Country

countries that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.

Semi-Periphery Country

industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries according to United Nations data

Periphery Country

poor underdeveloped countries

Wallerstien's World System Theory

core countries generate wealth while the periphery is dependent on the core and the semi-periphery is the buffer between the two

Brandt Line (N & S Divide)

a conceptual line that visually divides the world into a richer, more developed Global North and a poorer, less developed Global South

Interdependence

the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.

Formal Economy

the legal economy that governments tax and monitor

Outsourcing

moving some of a firm's internal activities and decision responsibility to outside providers

Offshoring

the relocation of business operations, processes, or services from one country to another, typically to a country with lower labor costs or other cost advantages

Globalization

growth to a global or worldwide scale

Capital Investment

the acquisition of physical assets by a company for use in furthering its long-term business goals and objectives

Complementarity Index

measures how well the export profile of one country matches the import profile of another country (fair trade)

Comparative Advantages

a situation where an individual, business, or country can produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

Opportunity Cost

Trading one opportunity in hopes of gaining more by choosing another.

Tariff

a tax placed on goods that are imported (brought into) a country from another country

Trade Deficit

when a country's total value of imports exceeds the total value of its exports

Neoliberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

Free Trade

a policy where a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports through measures like tariffs or subsidies

Microloans

typically less than $50,000 — made to support small businesses, solopreneurs or new ventures

Microfinancing

lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty

Economic Restructuring

the process in which economies in the core move from manufacturing to the service sector and as a result of the loss of manufacturing jobs and growth of the service sector, a widening occurs in the social hierarchy where high income salaried professional jobs expand alongside an increase of low wage/low skill service jobs and a "missing middle" develops in the wage structure

Secondary Sector

manufacturing

Tertiary Sector

services

Economies of Scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

International Division of Labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Core Countries

According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system.

Semi-Periphery

places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery

Periphery Countries

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

Deindustrialization

Loss of industrial activity in a region.

Urban Blight

the decay and deterioration of an urban area due to neglect, age, or other factors like economic decline

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.

Post-Fordism

The period characterized by the transition from mass industrial production, using Fordist methods, to more flexible forms of production favoring innovation and aimed at meeting market demands for customized products.

Just-In-Time Delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Growth Poles

economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain.

Industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods

Resource Depletion

the act of using resources faster than they can be restored or replaced

Degradation

a decline to a lower condition, quality, or level

Soil Erosion

the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

Soil Salinization

in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US)

Deforistation

the clearing of trees

Urban Sprawl

the unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions

Ecotuorism

is a form of tourism that appeals to the ecologically and socially conscious individuals.

5 Too's

too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, too hilly

Arithmetic Calculations

the total number of people in any given area as compared to one square unit of land (pop. / land area)

Agricultural Calculations

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture (farmers / arable land)

Physiological Calculations

measures the total number of people and divides them between the total amount of farmable land (pop. / arable land)

Ecomene

where you live

Carrying Capacity

the largest population that an environment can support at any given time

Arable Land

land suited for agriculture

Population Structure

the composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex

Population Pyramid

a model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

Dependancy Ratio

the number of people who are too young (under 15) or too old (over 65) to provide for themselves to the number to the number of people who must provide for them

Sex Ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

Gendercide

systematic killing of members of a specific gender