ALL APHUG TERMS

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/338

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

339 Terms

1
New cards

ESPN

Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental

2
New cards

DGC of ESPN

Demographic, Social, Cultural

3
New cards

Economic

relating to trade, industry, and money

4
New cards

Social

one of the 5 AP World themes is focused on structure/systems. Includes development of family groups, gender roles and relations, ethnic and racial constructions and economic class.

5
New cards

Political

relating to the government or the public affairs of a country.

6
New cards

Environmental

relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition.

7
New cards

Demographic

having certain characteristics in common, such as age, race, or gender

8
New cards

Gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

9
New cards

Culture

beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

10
New cards

MDC

More Developed Country

11
New cards

LDC

Less Developed Country

12
New cards

EA

Economic Activities

13
New cards

Primary Economic Activities

economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture

14
New cards

Secondary Economic Activities

economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation

15
New cards

Tertiary Economic Activities

economic activities that move, sell, and trade the products made in primary and secondary activities.

16
New cards

Quaternary Economic Activities

include assembling, distributing, and processing information, and managing other business operations.

17
New cards

Quinary Economic Activities

the most advanced form of Quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research.

18
New cards

GDP equation

data $/ country population

19
New cards

Gross

total, entire

20
New cards

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

21
New cards

GNP

Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year

22
New cards

GNI

Gross national income (now used in preference to gross national product—GNP). The total value of goods and services produced within a country together with the balance of income and payments from or to other countries.

23
New cards

Gini Coeficient

measures the distribution of income across a population; higher implies more inequality

24
New cards

Energy Consumption

the amount of energy consumed by business processes and systems

25
New cards

Renewable Energy

energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.

26
New cards

HDI

Human Development Index, measure of quality of life using factors like life expectancy, literacy, access to clean water, income, etc.

27
New cards

GII

Gender Inequality Index- measures inequality between men and women

28
New cards

IMR

Infant Mortality Rate - number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1000 live births in a society

29
New cards

Fertility Rate

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country

30
New cards

Access to Healthcare

ability to obtain health services when needed

31
New cards

Literacy Rate

percentage of people who can read and write

32
New cards

Gender Inequality

the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status

33
New cards

Inequality

when two things are not equally treated or matched

34
New cards

Equality

the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.

35
New cards

MMR

Maternal Mortality Rate - the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy and its management

36
New cards

Traditional Society (Rostow)

first type of society - behavior is characterized by and based on long-standing customs, habits, and traditions

37
New cards

Pre Conditions (Rostow)

second type of society - leadership begins to develop along with jobs and technology

38
New cards

Take Off (Rostow)

third type of society - trade expands to external sources as governments increase in power

39
New cards

Drive to Maturity (Rostow)

fourth type of society - development of wider industrial and commercial base

40
New cards

Haigh Mass Consumption (Rostow)

fifth type of society - decline of population goes negative as country reaches tip of development

41
New cards

Rostows Stages of Economic Growth

All countries develop in a five-stage process. Development cycle initiated by investment in a takeoff industry that allows the country to grow a comparative advantage, sparks greater economic gain that eventually diffuses throughout the country's economy.

42
New cards

Informal Economy

transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government

43
New cards

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

44
New cards

Core Country

countries that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.

45
New cards

Semi-Periphery Country

industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries according to United Nations data

46
New cards

Periphery Country

poor underdeveloped countries

47
New cards

Wallerstien's World System Theory

core countries generate wealth while the periphery is dependent on the core and the semi-periphery is the buffer between the two

48
New cards

Brandt Line (N & S Divide)

a conceptual line that visually divides the world into a richer, more developed Global North and a poorer, less developed Global South

49
New cards

Interdependence

the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.

50
New cards

Formal Economy

the legal economy that governments tax and monitor

51
New cards

Outsourcing

moving some of a firm's internal activities and decision responsibility to outside providers

52
New cards

Offshoring

the relocation of business operations, processes, or services from one country to another, typically to a country with lower labor costs or other cost advantages

53
New cards

Globalization

growth to a global or worldwide scale

54
New cards

Capital Investment

the acquisition of physical assets by a company for use in furthering its long-term business goals and objectives

55
New cards

Complementarity Index

measures how well the export profile of one country matches the import profile of another country (fair trade)

56
New cards

Comparative Advantages

a situation where an individual, business, or country can produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another producer

57
New cards

Opportunity Cost

Trading one opportunity in hopes of gaining more by choosing another.

58
New cards

Tariff

a tax placed on goods that are imported (brought into) a country from another country

59
New cards

Trade Deficit

when a country's total value of imports exceeds the total value of its exports

60
New cards

Neoliberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

61
New cards

Free Trade

a policy where a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports through measures like tariffs or subsidies

62
New cards

Microloans

typically less than $50,000 — made to support small businesses, solopreneurs or new ventures

63
New cards

Microfinancing

lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty

64
New cards

Economic Restructuring

the process in which economies in the core move from manufacturing to the service sector and as a result of the loss of manufacturing jobs and growth of the service sector, a widening occurs in the social hierarchy where high income salaried professional jobs expand alongside an increase of low wage/low skill service jobs and a "missing middle" develops in the wage structure

65
New cards

Secondary Sector

manufacturing

66
New cards

Tertiary Sector

services

67
New cards

Economies of Scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises

68
New cards

International Division of Labor

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

69
New cards

Core Countries

According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system.

70
New cards

Semi-Periphery

places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery

71
New cards

Periphery Countries

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

72
New cards

Deindustrialization

Loss of industrial activity in a region.

73
New cards

Urban Blight

the decay and deterioration of an urban area due to neglect, age, or other factors like economic decline

74
New cards

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.

75
New cards

Post-Fordism

The period characterized by the transition from mass industrial production, using Fordist methods, to more flexible forms of production favoring innovation and aimed at meeting market demands for customized products.

76
New cards

Just-In-Time Delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

77
New cards

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

78
New cards

Growth Poles

economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.

79
New cards

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain.

80
New cards

Industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods

81
New cards

Resource Depletion

the act of using resources faster than they can be restored or replaced

82
New cards

Degradation

a decline to a lower condition, quality, or level

83
New cards

Soil Erosion

the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice

84
New cards

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

85
New cards

Soil Salinization

in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US)

86
New cards

Deforistation

the clearing of trees

87
New cards

Urban Sprawl

the unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions

88
New cards

Ecotuorism

is a form of tourism that appeals to the ecologically and socially conscious individuals.

89
New cards

5 Too's

too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, too hilly

90
New cards

Arithmetic Calculations

the total number of people in any given area as compared to one square unit of land (pop. / land area)

91
New cards

Agricultural Calculations

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture (farmers / arable land)

92
New cards

Physiological Calculations

measures the total number of people and divides them between the total amount of farmable land (pop. / arable land)

93
New cards

Ecomene

where you live

94
New cards

Carrying Capacity

the largest population that an environment can support at any given time

95
New cards

Arable Land

land suited for agriculture

96
New cards

Population Structure

the composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex

97
New cards

Population Pyramid

a model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

98
New cards

Dependancy Ratio

the number of people who are too young (under 15) or too old (over 65) to provide for themselves to the number to the number of people who must provide for them

99
New cards

Sex Ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

100
New cards

Gendercide

systematic killing of members of a specific gender