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ESPN
Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental
DGC of ESPN
Demographic, Social, Cultural
Economic
relating to trade, industry, and money
Social
one of the 5 AP World themes is focused on structure/systems. Includes development of family groups, gender roles and relations, ethnic and racial constructions and economic class.
Political
relating to the government or the public affairs of a country.
Environmental
relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition.
Demographic
having certain characteristics in common, such as age, race, or gender
Gender
in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Culture
beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
MDC
More Developed Country
LDC
Less Developed Country
EA
Economic Activities
Primary Economic Activities
economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-- such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture
Secondary Economic Activities
economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation
Tertiary Economic Activities
economic activities that move, sell, and trade the products made in primary and secondary activities.
Quaternary Economic Activities
include assembling, distributing, and processing information, and managing other business operations.
Quinary Economic Activities
the most advanced form of Quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research.
GDP equation
data $/ country population
Gross
total, entire
GDP
Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy
GNP
Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year
GNI
Gross national income (now used in preference to gross national product—GNP). The total value of goods and services produced within a country together with the balance of income and payments from or to other countries.
Gini Coeficient
measures the distribution of income across a population; higher implies more inequality
Energy Consumption
the amount of energy consumed by business processes and systems
Renewable Energy
energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.
HDI
Human Development Index, measure of quality of life using factors like life expectancy, literacy, access to clean water, income, etc.
GII
Gender Inequality Index- measures inequality between men and women
IMR
Infant Mortality Rate - number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1000 live births in a society
Fertility Rate
the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country
Access to Healthcare
ability to obtain health services when needed
Literacy Rate
percentage of people who can read and write
Gender Inequality
the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status
Inequality
when two things are not equally treated or matched
Equality
the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.
MMR
Maternal Mortality Rate - the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy and its management
Traditional Society (Rostow)
first type of society - behavior is characterized by and based on long-standing customs, habits, and traditions
Pre Conditions (Rostow)
second type of society - leadership begins to develop along with jobs and technology
Take Off (Rostow)
third type of society - trade expands to external sources as governments increase in power
Drive to Maturity (Rostow)
fourth type of society - development of wider industrial and commercial base
Haigh Mass Consumption (Rostow)
fifth type of society - decline of population goes negative as country reaches tip of development
Rostows Stages of Economic Growth
All countries develop in a five-stage process. Development cycle initiated by investment in a takeoff industry that allows the country to grow a comparative advantage, sparks greater economic gain that eventually diffuses throughout the country's economy.
Informal Economy
transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government
Imperialism
domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
Core Country
countries that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.
Semi-Periphery Country
industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries according to United Nations data
Periphery Country
poor underdeveloped countries
Wallerstien's World System Theory
core countries generate wealth while the periphery is dependent on the core and the semi-periphery is the buffer between the two
Brandt Line (N & S Divide)
a conceptual line that visually divides the world into a richer, more developed Global North and a poorer, less developed Global South
Interdependence
the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.
Formal Economy
the legal economy that governments tax and monitor
Outsourcing
moving some of a firm's internal activities and decision responsibility to outside providers
Offshoring
the relocation of business operations, processes, or services from one country to another, typically to a country with lower labor costs or other cost advantages
Globalization
growth to a global or worldwide scale
Capital Investment
the acquisition of physical assets by a company for use in furthering its long-term business goals and objectives
Complementarity Index
measures how well the export profile of one country matches the import profile of another country (fair trade)
Comparative Advantages
a situation where an individual, business, or country can produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another producer
Opportunity Cost
Trading one opportunity in hopes of gaining more by choosing another.
Tariff
a tax placed on goods that are imported (brought into) a country from another country
Trade Deficit
when a country's total value of imports exceeds the total value of its exports
Neoliberalism
A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.
Free Trade
a policy where a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports through measures like tariffs or subsidies
Microloans
typically less than $50,000 — made to support small businesses, solopreneurs or new ventures
Microfinancing
lending small sums of money to the poor so they can work their way out of poverty
Economic Restructuring
the process in which economies in the core move from manufacturing to the service sector and as a result of the loss of manufacturing jobs and growth of the service sector, a widening occurs in the social hierarchy where high income salaried professional jobs expand alongside an increase of low wage/low skill service jobs and a "missing middle" develops in the wage structure
Secondary Sector
manufacturing
Tertiary Sector
services
Economies of Scale
factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises
International Division of Labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
Core Countries
According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system.
Semi-Periphery
places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery
Periphery Countries
the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets
Deindustrialization
Loss of industrial activity in a region.
Urban Blight
the decay and deterioration of an urban area due to neglect, age, or other factors like economic decline
Fordism
System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.
Post-Fordism
The period characterized by the transition from mass industrial production, using Fordist methods, to more flexible forms of production favoring innovation and aimed at meeting market demands for customized products.
Just-In-Time Delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
Agglomeration
Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.
Growth Poles
economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries.
Sustainability
The ability to keep in existence or maintain.
Industrialization
the process of developing machine production of goods
Resource Depletion
the act of using resources faster than they can be restored or replaced
Degradation
a decline to a lower condition, quality, or level
Soil Erosion
the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice
Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
Soil Salinization
in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US)
Deforistation
the clearing of trees
Urban Sprawl
the unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions
Ecotuorism
is a form of tourism that appeals to the ecologically and socially conscious individuals.
5 Too's
too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, too hilly
Arithmetic Calculations
the total number of people in any given area as compared to one square unit of land (pop. / land area)
Agricultural Calculations
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture (farmers / arable land)
Physiological Calculations
measures the total number of people and divides them between the total amount of farmable land (pop. / arable land)
Ecomene
where you live
Carrying Capacity
the largest population that an environment can support at any given time
Arable Land
land suited for agriculture
Population Structure
the composition of a population, the most important elements of which are age and sex
Population Pyramid
a model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.
Dependancy Ratio
the number of people who are too young (under 15) or too old (over 65) to provide for themselves to the number to the number of people who must provide for them
Sex Ratio
the ratio of males to females in a population
Gendercide
systematic killing of members of a specific gender