IZA test #3

How do government regulations affect zoos

Wild capture, shipments (in states, across country, internationally), receipts, sales, transportation, displays,

What is the US fish and wildlife services in charge of?

Endangered Species Act

What is the National Marine Fisheries Service in charge of?

Marine Mammal Protection Act

What is the US department of Agriculture in charge of?

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

What is the US Centers for Disease Control in charge of?

Importation of certain animals

What is the US Transportation and Security Administration in charge of?

Animal Transportation by Air (IATA)

What is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in charge of?

Staff safety regulations

What is the US Department of Homeland Security in charge of?

Inspection of importation/exportation of animals

Game management

the act of making land more suitable and sustainable for species and for recreational use. People wouldn't be able to tell the difference between managed and unmanaged land

Game farming

intensified version of game management. It breeds species for release to supplement wild stock.

wildlife management timeline

game laws and exploitation
wildlife conservation and preservation with Gifford Pinchot and John Muir
Wildlife management with Aldo Leopold
Conservation biology with E.O. Wilson and Jane Goodall

who did game belong to before the 1960s

royalty or land-owning nobility
the poor had to poach to feed themselves

What was the tragedy of the commons?

it explained the concept that a resource is widely used by the population, then the individuals aren't concerned with preserving it for themselves or for the good of everyone, and then eventually the resource is depleted and cannot be used by anyone

Gifford Pinchot

a conservationist with the utilitarian (planned use and renewal of resources) view. He believed the value of nature was equal to the value of human use

John Muir

A preservationist - some areas should be completely protected from any human use

Theodore Roosevelt

viewed wildlife and wildlands to be renewable organic resources which might last forever if harvested not faster than produced

What is the Roosevelt Doctrine of Conservation

recognized all outdoor resources as one integral whole

recognized their conservation through wise use as a public
responsibility and their private ownership as a public trust

recognized science as a tool for discharging that responsibility

Aldo Leopold

Father of wildlife management and wrote the sand county almanac which introduced the idea of a responsible relationship between people and the land

E.O. Wilson

father of biodiversity and biogeography, recognized keystone species and their importance, conservation advocacy

Jane Goodall

Promotion of animal welfare, breaking down perceived differences between humans and other animals

North American Model of Wildlife Conservation keys

Wildlife resources are a public trust
markets for game are eliminated
allocation of wildlife is by law
wildlife can be killed only for legitimate purposes
Wildlife is considered an international resource
science is the proper tool to discharge wildlife policy
democracy of hunting is standard

what is conservation

prevention of wasteful use of a resource, planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect

How to zoos contribute to conservation

through AZA programs, animal programs conservation initiatives, field conservation efforts by member institutions, citizen science programs, providing funding, conservation education

What are Animal program initiatives

they are programs life the amphibian TAGS frog watch to bring attention to a specific species and raise money or awareness for them

what are some of the purposes of in situ conservation

raise awareness, influence attitudes, encourage conservation ethics, teach skills, change behavior

What do you need to consider when creating a local program

is there a need for it?
will people want to participate?
what is the best approach to reach the local audience?
will it meet the needs of the people?

what do you need to consider about locals before creating a program

what is the current attitude of the locals?
do they commonly see/interact with the species/habitat?
is the species a nuisance?
is the species valued?
Is the species feared?

Should you research past programs and see if they were successful or not?

yes

what are the steps to creating a conservation program

Identify target species/habitat/issue
research
Contact people in the field for research and to build a relationship
build a realistic timeline
create a realistic budget and get grants

what does SAFE stand for

Saving Animals From Exctinction

around how many safe programs are there

30 for mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, coral, and insects

Who is responsible for the safe programs

SAFE species program, wildlife conservation committee, AZA

do program partners have to be AZA accredited and certified and have two years of experience with that animal

yes

What does the program leader have to be

be an individual AZA member and work for an AZA facility

What is the SAFE species program responsibilities

develops and implements a 3-year plan for species recovery

what is the wildlife conservation committees responsibilities

manages and administers SAFE

what are the AZA responsibilities in safe programs

Supports WCC, engages members in SAFE programs, tracks success

What are the criteria for SAFE programs

2 or more AZA facilities with a goal of 5 or more
focusing on endangered or threatened species
An existing recovery or conservation action plan has been developed
partners are committed to developing an active program plan with measurable goals
partners commit to re-examine and update program plans every 3 years

what is the difference between SAFE and SSP

SAFE is for the conservation of endangered and threatened species in the wild SSP is more for creating sustainable populations in captivity and doesn't focus on endangered

general gist of AZA SAFE mission

save animals from extinction

What happens to SAFE program species

protects threatened animals in the wild
build on established recovery plans and track records of commitment
prioritize collaboration among AZA member institutions and filed-based partners
implements both strategic conservation and public engagement activities
Measure and report real conservaton

what are some examples of AZA safe programs

African Penguins
Monarchs
African Vultures
Vaquita
Sharks and Rays

why would animals needed to be transported

breeding loans, replacing dead animals, placing offspring, exhibit loans, SSP recommendations, etc

What are ways animals can be transported

FedEx, Driving, Plane, USPS, Ship

What laws and regulations do we have to follow in a transfer

Federal/state laws
USDA - APHIS
FWC
AZA
Airlines

AZA accreditation transport standards

they are sometimes more stringent than government laws but all standards must be met

Their policies are continuously reviewed and the records are maintained and kept up to date for what forms?

acquisitions, transfers, and loans

do you have to have copies of all relevant permits, importation papers, declaration forms, etc

yes

What is the AZA standard for animal welfare transfers

it must be conducted in a manner that is safe, well-planned, coordinated, minimizes risk to the animals, employees, and general public

What is needed for the animal during an animal transfer

food, water, bedding (absorbs feces/urine, provides warmth, traction), temperature control, perches, cover, light

what do the crates need to have in an animal transfer

security, able to view the animal, access to the animal in some cases, lets light in, labels

What is collection planning

planning an animal collection for a zoo, outlines species, sex ratio, justification

What animals are you going to have and why

What are the different types of collection plans

Individual zoos (institutional and taxonomic plans), TAGs (regional collection plan), SSPs (breeding and transfer plan)

ICP

institutional collection plan - developed by each AZA institution to evaluate the need for types of species to be cared for and proves the place can care for the animals

there can be one ICP for an entire zoo if it is small and one person can manage it

What does the ICP require all species in and/or being considered for residence is evaluated with regard to

status in the wild, status in zoos and aquariums, exhibit value, education value, existence and priorities of cooperative management programs, etc

RCP

regional collection plan - developed by TAGs that describes a list of species recommended for management and the level they should be maintained

What is the purpose of RCPs

it is like a catalog for what for what species work in a TAG, it recommends species, it is for managed populations only

How many TAGs are there

46

what is the purpose of TAGs

ensure that individuals cared for AZA institutions are included in a regional collection plan to secure the well-being of species as a whole

Who manages TAGs

The APM animal population management committee (Formerly WCMC)

What is APM responsible for

communication, managing studbooks, SSPs, TAGs, RCPs, and SAGs, each TAG is assigned one member of APM who is the liaison, typically they serve for 3 TAGs

what is a species champion

a species monitored by TAG but not appropriate for a studbook

what are the requirements for a studbook candidate

TAG wants to investigate species, does not have a published studbook, population is at least 20

Why isn't ZIMs always reliable for information

not always up to date, not entered by animal care professionals, missing data, conflicts between institutions, which numbers do you use?

What is the purpose of a studbook

documents pedigree history of each animal in the population, summarizes current demographic and genetic status of the population, used to create a breeding and transfer plan

What is a pedigree

a record of ancestry

what 3 things does a good studbook need

it needs to be accurate, complete, and well-documented

how long does it take to publish a studbook

12 months

how often does the studbook need to be updated

every 3 years

what are the new SSP designations

signature, secure, provisional, and consortium managed and genetics are not as high of a priority as they used to be

Signature SSP

high priority species, considered sustainable and more robust by measures of viability and sustainability, about 100 species in this level

Secure SSP

population will be healthy in 100 years, less than 50 species at this level

Provisional SSP

Must demonstrate realistic potential to meet SSP criteria in the future, they make it or not they can't linger, about 100 species in this level

Consortium managed

1 or few facilities near each other hold the entire population, left up to individual facilities to decide how to manage and breed

CITES

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

What is the function of CITES

to monitor and regulate the international trade of animals, plants, and their products

Who enforces CITES

its up to each countries governments to enforce it

What is CITES I

viewed as a species that is currently threatened with extinction, in order to trade must get CITES I export permit

What is CITES II

viewed as a species that is currently not threated with extinction, in order to trade must get a CITES II export permit

What is CITES III

an individual member party can decide whether the trade of the species in a particular country needs to be regulated. In order to trade it requires a CITES III permit or a certificate or origin

IATA

International Air Transport Association

what is the purpose of IATA

It is the global standard and guide to air transport of animals in a safe, humane, and cost-effective manner

Is it legal to own wild animals in south africa

yes, they are considered res nullius

how does NEMBA define zoos

"Commercial exhibit facilities."

what is the purpose of the animal protection act

regulates draught animal use and animal fighting for sport. it causes zoos not to be able to feed live rodents to reptiles because it offends the public

what type of legislation exists in Nigeria

very little, only the national fauna conservation law. No federal or national zoo welfare legislation exists

what roles do asian zoos play in conservation

very little. they say that Asian national wildlife legislation rarely refers to zoos as part of the conservation efforts

which Asian country was the first to pass legislation particularly for zoos

Shri lanka

what is the oldest law that specifically refers to zoos and aquariums in Australia

the quarantine act

what is the purpose of the quarantine act

it protects their international borders from pests and diseases brought in from animal imports. it creates laws and requirements

what is the vertebrate pest committee

it is there to coordinate a pest control policy and determine the threat that vertebrates have on the environment

what is the non-indigenous animal act

it is there to provide the model that protects the state from the release and spread of harmful exotic species

What is the USDA/APHIS authorization act

US, it protects animals from infections or contagious diseases by regulating import, export, and quarantine of certain animals and parts of animals

if affects zoos through the quarantine procedures and requirements for public display facilities to meet standards

what is the animal welfare act

US, it regulates animals used in research facilities and for exhibition purposes, to ensure that they are provided with humane care and treatment

it affects zoos because it requires them to be licensed, it inspect the facilities, requires them to submit annual reports, and it they have primates they must develop and follow plans for enrichment, it also regulates humane and healthful transport of wild mammals and birds

what is the marine mammal protection act

it protects all species of whales, dolphins, seals, polar bear, walrus, manatees, and sea otters by establishing a moratorium against the taking of marine mammals in US waters

it affects zoos because it provides permits for public displays, requires facilities to be open to the public regularly, be registered or licensed by APHIS, and offers and education or conservation program

What is the endangered species act

US, it provides a means for the conservation of threatened and endangered species by placing restrictions on a wide range of activities involving endangered and threatened animals

it affects zoos because it requires a permit for any person to import or export, transport or ship endangered or threatened species, it may permit any act otherwise prohibited by the ESA to proceed for scientific purposes or enhance the propagation of the species, requires an institution to show that the proposed activity has a direct or tangible benefit to the survival of the species in the wild. encourages responsible breeding

what is the lacey act

it prohibits the importation, exportation, transportation, sale, receipt, acquisition, or purchase of any fish or wildlife taken in violation of any law, treaty, or regulation of the US or any foreign country

It affects zoo by regulating the humane and healthful transport of mammals and birds to the US. It prohibits the import, acquisition, or transport of injurious wildlife except for zoological, educational, medical, or scientific purposes. And requires facilities to be inspected to ensure the protection of the public

what is wild bird conservation act

it promotes the conservation of wild exotic birds by ensuring that all trade in exotic bird species involving the US is biologically sustainable and not detrimental to the species

it affects zoos by prohibiting the importation of wild-caught birds (for the exceptions for zoological breeding or display programs and scientific research)

what is the migratory bird treaty act

it prohibits taking, possession, import, export transport, sale, purchase, barter, or offer for sale of any migratory bird, or the nests or eggs of such a bird.

it affects zoos by authorizing exceptions by a valid permit (for public zoological parks, aza members, and public, scientific, or educational institutions)

what is the public health service act

it regulates imports to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases from foreign countries into the US

it affects zoos by covering turtles, tortoises, terrapins, nonhuman primates, and "vectors" (with exceptions for exhibition or scientific purposes with a permit)