________ (streptococcalpharyngitis and tonsillitis) is the most common disease caused this organism, especially in children (most individuals build immunity as they get older)
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E faecalis
________ and related organisms can occasionally cause infections of the urinary tract, wounds, blood, appendix, and endocardium.
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dental procedures
Can be introduced into tissue or blood by trauma such as ________ leading to bacteremia, meningitis, tooth abscesses, and endocarditis.
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Organism
________ can be growing in nasal passages in men, women or children, but this is usually due to a vaginal infection in women.They have found that the use of ultra- absorbent tampons, which absorb large amounts of Magnesium irons, leads to heavy colonization by S. aureus and therefore puts women at risk for this disease.
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Chemotherapy
________- in general, penicillins are the drug of choice.
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Hemolysins
________ (streptolysins)- damages RBCs, WBCs, liver, and heart muscle cells.
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Viridians group
________ (means green, referring to alpha- hemolysis of RBCs)- mostly found in oral cavity.
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Immunizations
________- none available at present for group A.
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Penicillinase
________- destroy penicillins.
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Erythrogenic
________ (pyogenic) toxin- produces red rash and fever associated with scarlet fever (only produced by lysogenized strains)
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Characteristics
gram+ cocci in grape-like clusters; facultative anaerobes; catalase positive; can withstand high salt concentrations (7.5 -10 %), extremes in pH, drying, and relatively high temperature (60 °C for 60 mins)
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Coagulase
cause the coagulation of blood plasma to put a layer of fibrin around cells
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Staphylokinase
activates a blood plasma protein (plasminogen) to protease (plasmin) that digests fibrin in clots
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Hyaluronidase
digests hyaluronic acid that binds together connective tissue to allow invasion of tissues
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Nucleases
digest DNA and RNA
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Lipase
allows staphylococci to colonize oily skin surfaces
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Penicillinase
destroy penicillins
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Hemolysisns
lyse RBCs
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Leukocidin
lyses WBCs
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Enterotoxins
damage intestinal epitherial cells causing water and electrolyte loss (secretorydiarrhea)
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Exfoliative toxin
cause loss of epidermal layer of skin
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Protein A
a cell wall-associated protein that binds antibody molecules (IgG) nonspecifically and incapacitates them
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TSS (toxic shock syndrome) toxin
some strains produce a potent toxin that enters blood and causes fever, rash, vomiting, liver damage, renal failure, etc
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Systemic infections
staphylococci can infect more tissues that any other organism
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First get a bacteremia and then can spread to bebone (osteomyelitis), the lining of the heart (endocarditis), joints, lungs (pneumonia
rare but 50 % fatal), CNS (meningitis), or virtually any internal organ
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Food poisoning
organisms common on skin and in nasal passages so can easily contaminate foods such as custards, pies, cream-filled pastries, potato salad, ham and processed meats etc
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Some strains produce potent enterotoxins (act on intestinal tract tocause cramping, diarrhea, nausea, committing) that is heat resistant
takes > 100 °C for 30 minutes to inactivate, so reheating food probably will not deactivate toxin
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Symptoms appear within 2
6 h and last 24 h
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Immunizations
none available at present but there has been a recent breakthrough that may lead to one
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Chemotherapy
most now resistant to penicillin ( 95%) due to penicillinase production; methicillin, which is resistant to penicillinases in general, was at one time the drug of choice but MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) now a major problem
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Other pathogenic staphylococci
coagulase negative staphylococci also can less frequently cause disease in humans, including S. epidermidis, S. capitis, S. hominis, and S. saprophyticus.They can cause infections like those caused by S. aureus and also can cause urinary tract infections (UTIs)
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S. pyogenes
most serious pathogen in group A on serotyping
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Capsule
protects against phagocytosis and aide in attachment
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Including teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
protect cells from lysozyme and aid in adherence to epithelial cells
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M protein
part of fimbriae, gives resistance to phagocytosis and aids in adherence
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Hemolysins (streptolysins)
damages RBCs, WBCs, liver, and heart muscle cells
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Erythrogenic (pyogenic) toxin
produces red rash and fever associated with scarlet fever (only produced by lysogenized strains)
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Streptokinase
activates a blood plasma protein (plasminogen) to a protease (plasmin) that digests fibrin in clots
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Hyaluronidase
digests hyaluronic acid that binds together connective tissue to allow invasion of tissues
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Nucleases
digest DNA and RNA
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Cutaneous infections
streptococcal impetigo or pyoderma is a superficial skin infection while erysipelas is a deeper skin infection
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Systemic infections
septicemia (rare); pneumonia (rare); toxic shock (rare); puerperal or childbed fever, and infection of the uterus after childbirth that can be fatal if not controlled
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Rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis
autoimmune diseases that are triggered by the similarity between the M protein on the surface of the streptococci and certain surface proteinsin tissues of the heart, joints and kidneys
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S. agalactiae
usually only a problem if normal defenses weakened (part of our normal flora)
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Enterococcus faecalis (and other related organisms)
old name was Streptococcus faecalis
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Viridians group (means green, referring to alpha-hemolysis of RBCs)
mostly found in oral cavity
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Immunizations
none available at present for group A
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Chemotherapy
in general, penicillins are the drug of choice
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How many species of staphylococcus are recognized today?
less than 30
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Where is staphylococcus found?
skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals (including man)
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What are characterisitics of staphylococcus?
gram + cocci in grape-like clusters, facultative anaerobes, catalase positive
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What conditons can staphylococcus withstand?
high salt concentrations (7.5-10%), extremes in pH, drying, and relatively high temperature (60 °C for 60 mins)
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What is the most important human pathogen of staphylococcus?
S. aureus
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What are virulence factors?
enzymes and toxins that allow cells to invade tissues and cause disease
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What are some virulence factors of S. aureus?
coagulase, staphylokinase, hyaluronidase, nucleases, lipase, penicillinase, hemolysisns, leukocidin, enterotoxins, exfoliative toxin, protein A, and TSS (toxic shock syndrome) toxin
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What is the function of coagulase?
cause the coagulation of blood plasma to put a layer of fibrin around cells
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What is the function of a layer of fibrin around cells caused by coagulase?
may protect cells from phagocytosis in body
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What pathogens can produce coagulase?
S. aureus and S. intermedius
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S. intermedius is a pathogen found in ___.
dogs
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What is the function of staphylokinase?
activates a blood plasma protein (plasminogen) to protease (plasmin) that digests fibrin in clots
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What is the function of hyalurondiase?
digests hyaluronic acid that binds together connective tissue to allow invasion of tissues
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What is the function of nucleases?
digest DNA and RNA
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What is the function of lipase?
allows staphylococci to colonize oil skin surfaces
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What is the function of pencillinase?
destroy pencillins
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What is the function of hemolysisns?
lyse RBCs (red blood cells)
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What is the function of leukocidin?
lyse WBCs (white blood cells)
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What is the function of enterotoxins?
damage intestinal epitherial cells causing water and electroyte loss (secretory diarrhea)
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What is the function of exfoliative toxin?
cause loss of epidermal layer of skin
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What is the function of protein A?
a cell wall-associated protein that binds antibody molecules (IgG) nonspecifically and incapacitates them
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What is TSS (toxic shock syndrome) toxin?
enters blood and causes fever, rash, vomitting, liver damage, renal failure, etc.
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Organisms that produce TSS toxin can be growing in ___ in men, women, or children.
nasal passages
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TSS toxin is usually due to a ___ in women.
vaginal infection
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Why are women at a greater risk for TSS toxin?
ultra-absorbent tampons absorb large amounts of Magnesium irons leads to heavy colonization by S. aureus
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Staphylococcus can cause ___ and ___ infections as well as food poisioning.
cutaneous and systemic
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What are cutaneous infections associated with?
skin, hair, or nails
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What are cutaneous infections?
infections of hair follicles, sweat glands, and/or sebaceous galnd
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Cutaneous infections can cause ___ if follicle or gland abscesses.
boils (furuncles)
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What are clusters of furuncles (larger, deeper boils) called?
carbuncles
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Superfical skin infections (staphyloccal impetigo) may results in ___.
scalded skin syndrome
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Scalded skin syndrome is due to production of ___.
exfoliative toxin
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What is a systemic infection?
infection spreads from skin infections to other sites
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An infection in bone is called?
osteomyelitis
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An infection in the lining of the heart is called?
endocarditis
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An infection in lungs is called?
pneumonia
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An infection in CNS is called?
meningitis
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Organisms common on skin and in nasal passages can easily contaminate ___ leading to ___.
foods; food poisioning
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Foods must be ___ to prevent growth of organisms.
refrigerated
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Some strains of staphylococcus produce ___ that is heat resistant.
potent enterotoxins
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Potent enterotoxins act on ___ to cause cramping, diarrhea, nausea, and committing.
intestinal tract
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How long and at what temperature does it take to inactivate potent entrotoxins?
100 °C for 30 min (therefore reheating food probably will not deactivate toxin)
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How many cells does it take to produce enough enterotoxins to cause symptoms?
10^6 cells/gm
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Symptoms of food poisioning appear within ___ and can least ___.
2-6 hrs and last 24 hrs
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Are immunizations available for staphylococcus?
no; however there has been a recent breakthrough that may lead to one
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Flashcard (20)