BNS Exam 4 (3)

What is disorganized speech in the context of schizophrenia?

A pattern of incoherent or illogical speech

What is the most common type of hallucination experienced by individuals with schizophrenia?

Auditory hallucinations

Abnormal neurological systems in schizophrenia can include poor pupillary light reactions and unusual facial expressions. (true or false)

True

Who first identified schizophrenia as a distinct disorder?

Eugen Bleuler

Schizophrenia frequently co-occurs with disorders such as _________ and anxiety.

depression

What does hypofrontality indicate in individuals with schizophrenia?

Decreased metabolic activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Treatment for schizophrenia often includes both antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy. (true or false)

True

What was the main finding of Delgado's study on brain stimulation in individuals with epilepsy?

Participants found the stimulation to be pleasurable.

Anhedonia refers to a lack of pleasure from activities that are typically enjoyable for individuals with schizophrenia. (true or false)

True

What is one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia that reflects a lack of motivation or ability to initiate activities?

Avolition

Historical perspectives on schizophrenia have shifted from demonization to medicalization. (true or false)

True

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and delusions

Animal studies, such as those involving rats and monkeys, help researchers understand abnormal behaviors and brain functions associated with ___________.

Schizophrenia

Cultural beliefs can influence how schizophrenia is understood and treated, affecting the level of _________ associated with the disorder.

Stigma

What are cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

Deficits in attention, memory, and executive function that affect daily functioning.

Avolition in schizophrenia is characterized by a lack of motivation to initiate and persist in activities. (true or false)

True

Long-term outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia can vary widely, with some experiencing significant __________ while others may face persistent challenges.

Recovery

The use of medications to treat mental disorders, including antipsychotics for schizophrenia, is referred to as _______________.

Psychopharmacology

Which of the following factors has been identified as contributing to the development of schizophrenia?

Exposure to viruses during pregnancy

Innovations in the treatment of schizophrenia include new medications, therapy approaches, and _____________ treatments.

Technology - assisted

Affective flattening in schizophrenia is characterized by a restricted range of emotional expression, including facial expressions, voice tone, and body language. (true or false)

True

What term did Emil Kraepelin introduce to describe early-onset cognitive decline?

Dementia Praecox

What do cytoarchitectural abnormalities indicate in relation to schizophrenia?

They suggest developmental issues linked to the disorder

What characterizes delusions in schizophrenia?

They are false beliefs resistant to reasoning

Schizophrenia can significantly impair an individual's ability to maintain social relationships. (true or false)

True

Vitamin D deficits have been linked to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. (true or false)

True

Prenatal complications such as low birth weight and hypoxia can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. (true or false)

True

What is a characteristic of catatonic behavior in schizophrenia?

Unresponsiveness to the environment

Stigma surrounding schizophrenia can lead to discrimination and social isolation for individuals with the disorder. (true or false)

True

Assessment techniques in psychiatric evaluations include interviews, psychological testing, and __________ observations.

Behavioral

Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the population. (true or false)

True

Schizophrenia has a neurodevelopmental component, indicating that early brain changes can influence later outcomes. (true or false)

True

Family support can significantly impact the _________ for individuals with schizophrenia.

Outcomes

D1 receptors are a type of dopamine receptor that play a role in the regulation of movement and cognition in individuals with schizophrenia. (true or false)

True

Alogia is characterized by a lack of speech or a decrease in the amount of thought in individuals with schizophrenia. (true or false)

True

Maternal stress during pregnancy can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia in offspring. (true or false)

True

What did Eugen Bleuler emphasize in his definition of schizophrenia?

A split from reality, not split personalities

Jerky eye movements in individuals with schizophrenia can indicate underlying cognitive deficits. (true or false)

True

What does the seasonality effect in schizophrenia indicate about the timing of birth?

Individuals born in late winter or early spring are more likely to develop schizophrenia

Which brain region is primarily associated with cognitive processes such as organization and motor planning in individuals with schizophrenia?

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)