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Physical Properties
Characteristics of materials identified through non-destructive testing
Mass
The amount of matter in a material. It's constant and measured in kilograms (kg), unlike weight, which can change based on location.
Weight
The force resulting from mass and gravity, measured in Newtons.
Volume
The amount of three-dimensional space taken up by a substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas.
Density
Affects how heavy and compact a product is.
Electrical Resistivity
A measure of how well a material conducts electricity; low resistivity indicates good conductivity.
Thermal Conductivity
A measure of the rate at which heat is transferred through a material, given a temperature difference across it.
Thermal Expansion
The increase in dimensions of an object when heated, which can be measured as changes in length, area, or volume.
Hardness
The resistance of a material to penetration or scratching.
Mechanical Properties
Characteristics of a material that describe its behavior under applied forces.
Tensile Strength
The ability of a material to withstand pulling forces without breaking.
Compressive Strength
The ability of a material to withstand being pushed or squashed.
Stiffness
The resistance of an elastic body to deflection when an external force is applied.
Toughness
The ability of a material to absorb energy and undergo plastic deformation without fracturing.
Plasticity
The ability of a material to be changed in shape permanently.
Stress
The force per unit area applied to a material, and it is typically measured in units such as pascals (Pa)
Strain
The extension or change in length per unit length of a material.
Youngs Modulus
A measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is used to characterize materials.
Smart Materials
Materials that change properties in response to external stimuli.
Photo-chromicity
Refers to a material that changes color reversibly when exposed to light.
Thermoelectricity
generated by devices that convert heat and temperature differences between two materials directly into electrical energy.
Magneto-rheostatic, electro-rheostatic
materials are fluids, which can experience a dramatic change in their viscosity.
Aesthetic Characteristics
Taste, smell, appearance, texture.
Shape memory
Metals that can return to their original shape after deformation due to molecular rearrangement.
Piezo electricity
Electricity generated when a material is deformed.
