EDP SAFMEDS Cards

Positive Reinforcement

The addition of a stimulus following a response that increases the response occurring in the future

Negative Reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus following a response that increases the response in the future

Punishment

any consequence that decreases the frequency of a response occurring in the future

Reinforcer

a stimulus that is presented or removed after a response that maintains or increases the behavior occurring in the future

punisher

a stimulus that is presented or removed after a response that decreases the behavior occurring in the future

stimulus control

when responding occurs in the presences of an antecedent stimulus and does not occur in its absence

Antecedent

a stimulus that comes before a response

Consequence

a stimulus that comes after a response

Modeling

demonstrating a behavior so it can be imitated

Shaping

reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

the science in which the procedures derived from the study of behavior are applied to produce meaningful improvements in socially significant behaviors

respondent conditioning

paring a neutral antecedent stimulus with an unconditioned antecedent stimulus to elicit a response

operant conditioning

paring a behavior with a reinforcing or punishing consequence to increase or decrease the future probability of the behavior

Fluency

performing a behavior with sufficient accuracy and speed to increase the likelihood of maintenance and generalization

Maintenance

performing a behavior over time, long after training

Generalization

performing a behavior under different conditions from training or emitting a different behavior that serves the same purpose as the one taught in training

Stimuli

environmental events or changes in those events that have the potential to affect behavior

behavior

an organisms interaction with the environment that produces a detectable change in the environment

Rate

the number of occurrences of behavior per unit of time

Topography

the form of behavior

function

the purpose a behavior serves

Duration

the amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and the occurrence of a behavior

Latency

the amount of time it between the onset of a stimulus and the occurrence of a behavior

Magnitude

the amount of force of a behavior

data path

three or more data points

trend

the direction of a data path

change

the difference in the value of the data from baseline to intervention

Primary reinforcers / Unconditioned reinforcers

stimuli that are biologically important and that do not have to be conditioned to increase the behavior occurring again under

Secondary reinforcers / Conditioned reinforcers

stimuli that gain reinforcing properties by being paired with primary or previously conditioned reinforcers

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

a previously neutral stimulus that is paired with a variety of backup reinforcers and thus gains reinforcing capacity when presented after a behavior

Statiation

a biological condition in which a stimulus temporarily loses reinforcing capacity due to decreased deprivation

Deprivation

a biological condition in which a stimulus is highly reinforcing due to its absences in the immediate past

Motivating operations (MO)

environmental conditions that alter the effectiveness of a reinforcing or punishing event and alter the frequency of behavior followed by the event

Schedule of reinforcement

the environmental arrangement of reinforcing consequences

Continuous reinforcement (CRF)

reinforcement provided after every response

intermittent reinforcement

Reinforcement after some, but not all responses

interval schedule

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided on the first response after a time period

ratio schedule

a schedule in which reinforcement in contingent on the frequency of responses

Positive punishment (Type 1)

the addition of stimulus that decreases the behavior occurring

Negative Punishment (Type 2)

the removal of a stimulus that decreases the behavior occurring

task analysis

breaking down complex or multiple step behaviors or skills into small, easier to teach subtasks

learning trial

an instructional antecedent, a students response, and positive or corrective instructional information

Extinction

an environmental condition when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced

(DRL) Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding

providing reinforcement contingent on a frequency that is equal to or less than a prescribed limit

(DRI) differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior

providing reinforcement for a behavior that is impossible to perform concurrently with a target behavior

(DRA) differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

providing reinforcement for a behavior that is of a different form but serves the same function as a target behavior

(DRO) Differential reinforcement of other behavior

providing reinforcement contingent on the nonoccurrence of a target behavior

Time-out

the removal of the opportunity to earn reinforcement for a fixed amount of time

Non-exclusionary time-out

the removal of a reinforcing activity for a fixed amount of time

Exclusionary time-out

the removal of the student from a reinforcing activity to observe others for a fixed amount of time

Seclusionary time-out

the removal of the student from an instructional setting for a fixed amount of time

determinism

the universe is lawful

empiricism

the practice of objective observation

parsimony

ruling out all simple causes before excepting complicated ones

philosophical doubt

continuously testing truth

(S^D) discriminative stimulus

an antecedent stimulus that evokes a response because it has been paired with reinforcement in the past

prompt

an added antecedent stimulus that increases the likelihood that an S^D will evoke a desired response

B.F. Skinner

founder of radical behaviorism

J.B. Watson

S-R behaviorism

Radical behaviorism

behaviorism that includes private events

applied

ABA is designed to improve socially significant behavior

Analytic

when a study has demonstrated a functional relation

Technological

when a study is clearly written so others can use the results

Conceptually systematic

when a study is based on the basic principles of behavior

effective

when a meaningful change in behavior has occurred

Generality

when the results of the study last over time or show up in different environments

Behavioral

the unit of study must be observable and measurable

Fair pair rule

whenever you target a behavior for reduction you must also target a behavior for increase

response cost

the removal of a reinforcer contingent on an inappropriate behavior

level

the value of the data as measured by the y-axis

chaining

reinforcing individual responses to form a complex behavior

discrimination

responding differently in the presence of different stimuli

environment

the circumstances in which an organism exists

dependent variable (DV)

a target behavior

independent variable (IV)

a specific intervention or baseline

prediction

to make statements about the occurrence of future events based on observation of past events

description

systematic observation that allows scientists to make hypotheses

functional relation

when a study reveals that changes in one event can produce changes in other events

Three-term contingency

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

Respondent behavior

behavior that is elicited by an antecedent

Repertoire

all the behaviors a person can do

Neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not affect behavior

selection by consequences

all learned behaviors in a repertoire are the result of what happens after a behavior occurs