Hearing Science Final Exam

congenital

present at birth

inflammation of the outer ear

otitis externa

inflammation of the middle ear

otitis media

anotia

without a pinna

BAHA hearing aids (bone anchored hearing aid)

surgically implant titanium device into skull, hearing aid outside

occluding types/causes

cerumen impaction

foreign body

OE inflammation types/causes

infectious

allergic reactions

tumors

injury

Eustachian Tube

Brings fresh oxygen to ME space

Equalizes pressure on both sides of the TM

patent

open and free of obstruction (in reference to eustacian tube)

otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear

mastoiditis

When infectious otitis media material invades air spaces in mastoid bone

Result of untreated middle ear disease

The bone becomes infected

Infection spreads to meninges of brain if left untreated

atresia

Maldevelopment of the external ear canal

microtia

Maldevelopment of the pinna

conductive hearing loss

Complete blockage of the ear canal causes this type of hearing loss

If this structure does not function properly the middle ear may fill with fluid and/or mucous, creating both discomfort and hearing loss

eustachian tube

eustachian tube is in

the middle ear

otosclerosis

A disease that impacts females causing bony growth on the stapes and other ossicles

otosclerosis location

middle ear

otitis media may be ________ or _______

acute or chronic

cholesteatoma

A benign tumor that grows in the middle ear space causing hearing loss

cholestoma location

middle ear

ossicular discontinuity

Fracture or disarticulation of ossicles

Big three symptoms of inner ear disorders

hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus

Disease that spawns episodic attacks of hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus

Meniere's Disease

Meniere's Disease is located in

inner ear- cochlea

Hazardous levels of noise exposure cause hair cell damage on the basilar membrane in this region

4000Hz or 4KHz

ototoxic

Drugs and chemicals that cause sensorineural hearing loss

ototoxic location

inner ear- cochlea

The most common genetic mutation of this protein causes progressive hearing loss

Connexin 26

Connexin 26 location

inner ear- cochlea

Three sense organs of the vestibular system

utricle, saccule, and ampulla

nystagmus

twitching or beating of the eyes due to problems with the VOR

nystagmus location

inner ear- vestibular

The most common causes of vestibular disorders include

aging, trauma, and infection

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo or BPPV

A disorder that causes vertigo due to reduced mobility of otoliths

labyrinthitis

Inflammation of the vestibular organs due to viral infection, causing vertigo

Retrocochlear disorders affect this area of the auditory mechanism

the C-VIII nerve (vestibulocochlear) and the central auditory pathways

The area of the brainstem where C-VIII enters and a common place for tumors to grow

cerebellopontine angle or CPA

auditory neuropathy or ANSD

A disorder of dyssynchronous firing of electrical impulses from the inner hair cells or other areas in the auditory nervous pathways

___________ hearing loss results in significant difficulty with perception of speech phonemes

Retrocochlear

auditory processing disorder

A disorder of processing auditory information in the presence of normal hearing sensitivity

Presbycusis / sociocusis location

inner ear- cochlea

Presbycusis

Most common type of sensorineural loss- hearing loss due to aging (bilateral)

Sociocusis

Newer term for hearing loss at a much younger age due to environmental factors (part of presbycusis)

Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) location

inner ear- cochlea

Alport's Syndrome

Sex-linked (almost exclusive to males)

Typical children until pre/early adolescence (9-11ish)

Begin to have renal problems

Onset of hearing loss

Alport's Syndrome location

inner ear- cochlea

Usher's Syndrome

Involves loss of hearing and vision

Progressively deteriorates

Usher's Syndrome location

inner ear- cochlea

Waardenburg's Syndrome

Visible anomalies

Accompanied by mild hearing loss

Mild orthopedic issues

Waardenburg's Syndrome location

inner ear- cochlea

Mondini Malformation

the cochlea did not form properly, may only have one turn

Mondini Malformation location

inner ear- cochlea

Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome (EVAS)

Vestibular organs did not fully develop

Hearing loss and balance problems

Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome (EVAS) location

inner ear- vestibular system

People with _________ are 33% more likely to develop hearing loss

diabetes

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Cause: Dislodged otoconia (calcium crystals)

Symptoms: Brief vertigo with position changes

Diagnosis: Dix-Hallpike maneuver

Treatment: Epley maneuver (series of head positions to get crystals back to right place)

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) location

inner ear- vestibular

Vestibular Migraine location

inner ear- vestibular

Bilateral Vestibulopathy location

inner ear- vestibular

Bilateral Vestibulopathy

Cause: Ototoxicity (vestibulotoxicity), autoimmune, idiopathic

Symptoms: Imbalance, oscillopsia (environment is bouncing around in field of vision)

Dix-Hallpike Maneuver

Put head through short series of movements to see is nystagmus is triggered

Dix-Hallpike Maneuver is used to diagnose issues in the

inner ear- vestibular

Disorders of the Auditory Nervous System can be broken up into three categories

Disorders of the auditory nerve

Disorders of the cochlear nuclei

Disorders of the higher auditory pathways

retrocochlear

a disorder occurring after the cochlea

Acoustic neuroma

A benign tumor that grows on CN VIII

Acoustic neuroma location

Auditory nervous system

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD)

a condition in which there is normal cochlear function, but the transmission of electrical information along the auditory nerve, from the cochlea to the brainstem, is dys-synchronous (not smooth)

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) location

Auditory Nervous System