Chapter 3 (Campbell's Biology in Focus)

C H bonds

________ in a hydrocarbon atom are non- polar and are the reason these structures are hydrophobic.

DNA

________ directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein synthesis; this is known as gene expression.

Nucleic acids

________ are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides.

ATP

________ is known as adenosine triphosphate, this is a more complicated organic phosphate.

double bonds

When there are no ________ between carbons on a carbon skeleton the compound is said to be saturated.

Receptor

________ proteins- Response of cell to chemical stimuli.

polypeptide chain

A(n) ________ is formed through dehydration.

Glycogen

________ is stored in muscle cells.

Covalent bonds

________ called disulfide bridges further reinforce the shape of a protein.

Glycerol

________ is an alcohol and each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group.

Starch

________ is stored in plant cells.

Cholesterol

________ is a molecule from which other steroids including sex hormones, are synthesized.

vegetable oils

The phrase "hydrogen ________ "on a food label means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding a hydrogen atom, removing the double bond, and allowing it to solidify.

gene

A(n) ________ is known as a discrete unit of inheritance that controls the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

monomer

A(n) ________ is the building block that creates a polymer.

nucleoside

A portion of a nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a(n) ________.

fatty acid

A(n) ________ has a long carbon skeleton of usually 16- 18 carbon atoms in length.

DNA molecules

________ have two polynucleotides or strands which wind around an imaginary axis forming a double helix.

processes

In cells, their ________ are facilitated by enzymes.

Alpha helixes

________ and Beta folds are known as the secondary structure.

Polysaccharides

________ are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.

Steroids

________ are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

phospholipid

A(n) ________ has a polar (hydrophilic) head and two nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails.

chemical mechanism

The ________ by which cells make polymers (polymerization) and break them down is similar for all classes of large biological molecules.

Purines

________ are larger, with a six- membered ring fused to a five- membered.

chemical reactions

A functional group affects the molecular function by being directly involved in ________.

Enantiomers

________ are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

Glucose

________ (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide.

cis trans

In ________ isomers, carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but their atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds.

Fats

________ consist of a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids.

cellulose fibers

Structural ________ in plant cell walls are composed entirely of glucose monomers.

Enzymes

________ are specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions.

glycosidic linkage

A disaccharide consists of two monosaccharides joined by a(n) ________.

protein

A(n) ________ is a biologically functioning molecule made up of one or more polypeptides folded and failed in a specific three dimensional shape.

amino acid

A(n) ________ is organic molecule the both an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Lipids

________ normally are hydrocarbons however some have polar bonds with oxygen.

Secondary structures

________ involve interactions between backbone constituents.

polymer

A(n) ________ is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Monosaccharides

________ generally have molecular formulas that are some multiples of the unit CH2O.

organic compound

A(n) ________ is a compound containing carbon.

hydrophobic side chains

As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with ________ (nonpolar) usually end up in clusters at the center of the protein due to contact with water.

Compounds

________ called lipids are grouped together because of their behaviour, they all mix poorly with water is at all.

Isomers

________ are variations in the architecture of organic molecules.

Peptide bonds

________ are bonds between amino acids.

Tertiary structures

________ are the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions of the side chains or the various amino acids.

polypeptide

A(n) ________ is a polymer of amino acids.

Structural isomers

________ differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Molecules

________ consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.

Cholesterol

________ is a crucial steroid stored in animals.

glycerol

The link between ________ and a fatty acid is called an ester linkage (it is formed through dehydration)

Enzymatic proteins

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Defensive proteins

Protection against disease

Storage proteins

Storage of amino acids

Transport proteins

Transport of substances

Hormonal proteins

Coordination of an organism's activities

Receptor proteins

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Contractile and Motor proteins

Movement

Structural proteins

Support

DNA

Deoxyribolnucleic Acid

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid