Chapter 7 (8): Fundamentals of Phonetics

articulation disorder

difficulty in coordinating the articulators in production of a limited set of phonemes; difficultly with the motoric aspects of speech production

phonological disorder

a difficulty in speech sound production resulting in multiple speech sound errors ultimately involving the sound system of a language; also used to describe articulation disorder

speech sound disorder

term used to refer to an individual with a phonological or articulation disorder

misarticulations

an articulatory error, classically catagorized as an omission, substitution, distortion, or addition

substitution

the replacement of one phoneme by another in a syllable or word

omission

the deletion of a phoneme in a word, usually related to disordered speech

distortion

a characteristic of disordered speech involving the production of an allophone of an intended phoneme

addition

the insertion of an extra phoneme in the production of a word, usually used in reference to disordered speech

natural phonology

Stampe's theory that supports the idea that children are born with innate processes necessary for the development of speech

phonological processes

simplifications used by children not capable of producing adult speech patterns

syllable structure processes

phonological processes that generally simplify the production of syllables, creating a consonant-vowel (CV) pattern

substitution processes

phonological processes involving the substitution of one phoneme class by another

assimilatory processes

phonological processes that involve an alteration in phoneme production due to phonetic environment

weak syllable deletion

a syllable structure phonological process that involves the omission of an unstressed (weak) syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable

final consonant deletion

a syllable structure phonological process that involves the deletion of the final consonant in a syllable, resulting in an open syllable

reduplication

a syllable structure phonological process that involves the repetition of a syllable of a word

cluster reduction

a syllable structure phonological process that results in the deletion of a consonant from a cluster

stopping

a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a stop for a fricative or an affricate

fronting

a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of an alveolar consonant for a velar or palatal consonant

deaffication

a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a fricative for an affricate

gliding

a substitution phonological process that involves the replacement of a glide for a liquid

vocalization/vowelization

the substitution of a vowel for postvocalic or syllabic /l/, postvocalic /r/, or the substitution of a non-rhotic vowel for the central vowels

labial assimilation

an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a nonlabial phoneme is produced with a labial place of articulation due to the presence of a labial phoneme elsewhere in the word

alveolar assimilation

an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a non-alveolar consonant is produced with an alveolar place of production due to the presence of an alveolar phoneme elsewhere in the word

velar assimilation

an assimilatory phonological process that occurs when a non-velar phoneme is produced with a velar place of production due to the presence of a velar phoneme elsewhere in the word

prevocalic voicing

an assimilatory phonological process (voicing assimilation) that involves the voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant preceding the nucleus of a syllable

devoicing

an assimilatory phonological process (voicing assimilation) that involves the replacement of a voiceless phoneme for a normally voiced, syllable-final consonant preceding a pause or silence

idiosyncratic processes

a phonological process that is not typical of the speech behavior of a normally developing child

nonlinear phonology

a method of phonological analysis that involves performing an inventory of a child's speech sound system on multiple levels including words, syllables, segments, and features; phonemes are identified without consideration of what is phonemic or contrastive in the target language (adult system), but rather which consonants and vowels are used contrastively in particular contexts in the child's system

labialization

addition of lip rounding to the articulation of a typically unrounded phoneme

dentalization

production of an alveolar phoneme as linguadental, that is, with the tongue tip more forward than normal

velarization

the backed production of an alveolar phoneme so that the tongue is more posterior than normal (in the velar region)

unreleased

a stop consonant produced with no audible release burst

hypernasality

the presence of excessive nasality accompanying the production of a non-nasal phoneme due to improper velopharyngeal closure

nasal emission

the audible escape of air through the nares due to improper velophrayngeal closure or to a cleft in the palate or the velum

denasality/hyponasality

production of nasal phonemes with a raised velum

extIPA

an extension to the IPA that has become the official diacritic set for the transcription of disordered speech; adopted by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in 1994

VoQA

the voice quality symbols diacritic set; designed to be used in the transcription of individuals with voice disorders

lateralization

production of a non-lateral phoneme with a lateral place of production

ejective

a non-pulmonic consonant produced with a large glottalic air pressure release; brought about by raising the larynx, causing a decreased area between the closed vocal folds and the constriction in the oral cavity

implosive

a non-pulmonic consonant produced with an ingressive glottalic airstream; brought about by lowering the larynx, causing an increased area between the vocal folds and the constriction in the oral cavity