Respiratory System Lecture Pre-college

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Organization of respiratory tract - anatomic

• Upper

• Lower

Upper respiratory tract

Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx

Lower respuratory tract

Larynz, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Types of organization of the respuratory tract

• Anatomic

• Functional

Organization of the respiratory tract - functional

• Conducting airways

• Gas-exchange portions (alveolar air spaces)

Conducting airways

Filter, warm, and humidify - air conditioning

Gas-exchange portions (alveolar air spaces)

• Oxygen moves from alveolus to blood

• CO2 moves from blood to the alveolus

Gas-exchange portions synonym

Alveolar air spaces

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Gross anatomy f the respiratory system

• Head and neck

• Thorax

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Nares

openings of the nose that allow air to enter the nasal cavity; external openings

Nasal cavity

• Nares

• Nasal cavity consists of conchae + meatuses

Nasal cavity consists of _____ and _________.

conchae, meatuses

Conchae

Bony scrolls covered with mucosa

Metasuses

Air passages between conchae

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Pharynx

Muscular tube that leads from the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus

Nasopharynx —> ________.

larygnopharynx

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Larynx

• Set of cartilages, ligaments, muscles, mucosal folds (vocal cords)

• Passageway for air from pharynx to trachea

• Controls flow of air

• Allows for vocalization

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Trachea

• Flexible but non-collapsible tube

• C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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Organization of the lung

• Air spaces

• Blood vessels

• Connective tissue

• Lymphatics

• Nerves

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Pathway of air

1. External nares

2. Nasal cavity

3. Nasopharynx

4. Laryngopharynx

5. Larynx

6. Trachea

7. Bronchi

8. Bronchioles

9. Alveoli

Organization of the respiratory tract - functional

• Conducting airways

• Gas-exchange portions (alveolar air spaces)

Conducting airways (functional)

Filter, warm, and humidify - AC

Gas-exchange portions (alveolar air spaces)-functional

• Oxygen moves from the alveolus to the blood

• CO2 moves from the blood to the alveolus

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Respiratory epithelium

• Catches particles and prevents them from entering alveoli

• Specialized structure and organization

Specialized structure and organization of respiratory epithelium

• Ciliated, columnar

• Goblet cells to make mucus

Ciliated

epithelium with hair-like projections that aid in moving mucus and trapped particles out of the airways.

Columnar

epithelial cell shape in columns

Goblet cells

specialized cells that produce and secrete mucus in the respiratory tract.

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Respiratory epithelium form

Mucociliary escalator

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Gas exchange in alveoli

• Type I pneumocytes

• Type II pneumocytes

Type I pneumocytes

are thin, flat cells that form the majority of the alveolar surface and facilitate gas exchange; flat and thin

Type II pneumocytes

are cuboidal cells in the alveoli that produce surfactant, reducing surface tension and preventing alveolar collapse; make surfactant and can divide to make new type I pneumocytes

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Pressure gradients

Drives flow of air —> breathing

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Respiratory muscles

• Change pressure in lungs:

  • Inspiration is active

  • Expiration can be passive or active

Inspiratuin

• Active

• Diaphragm contracts

Expiration

• Passive or active

• Diaphragm relaxes

• Abdominal muscle for forced expiration

Passive or active in respiratory muscle pressure in lungs

Expiration refers to the process of breathing out, which can occur either passively through relaxation of respiratory muscles or actively through contraction of abdominal muscles.

Forced expiratior

A type of expiration that involves the contraction of abdominal muscles to push air out of the lungs forcibly.

Abdominal muscles

These are muscles that play a key role in forced expiration by contracting to increase pressure in the abdominal cavity, aiding in expelling air from the lungs.

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Respiratory defense mechanisms

• Anatomy of nasal cavity

• Mucociliary escalator

• Specialized cells in the alveoli

Anatomy of nasal cavity

The structural arrangement of the nasal passages that facilitates airflow, filtration, and olfaction, including the presence of turbinates and mucosal tissues.

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Mucociliary escalator

A defense mechanism of the respiratory system that uses cilia on epithelial cells to move mucus and trapped particles out of the airways.

Specialized cells in the alveoli in Repsiratory defense mechanisms

Alveolar macrophages