Exam 4 Outline

Function of the endocrine glands

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate body processes

Function of Antidiuretic Hormone

Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys; conserves body water (Sodium)

Hormones released by the pancreas

Insulin (lowers glucose), Glucagon (raises glucose).

Hormones released by the adrenal medulla

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight or flight response).

Which hormone causes glucose levels to rise

Glucagon

Stimulation exam for deficiencies

Used to diagnose endocrine hypofunction

Contraindications for CAT Scans

Allergy to iodine/shellfish; kidney problems.

Instructions for thyroid and cortisol blood tests

No iodine; may need to stop meds or fasting required.

Complications of ADH

Water retention and fluid overload.

Side effects of Cushing’s and Addison’s disease

Cushing’s: weight gain, moon face; Addison’s: fatigue, weight loss.

Side effects and electrolyte imbalances of Diabetes Insipidus

dehydration and hypernatremia (high sodium)

Nursing care for corticosteroids

Monitor weight, blood glucose, and for signs of infection.

Administration of potassium iodide

Give with meals and use a straw to prevent teeth staining.

SIADH Signs and Symptoms

Fluid retention, weight gain, hyponatremia, seizures, edema.

Medications used for SIADH

Tolvaptan, demeclocycline.

Treatment for growth hormone abnormalities

GH injection for deficiency; suppression for excess.

Signs and Symptoms of acromegaly

Enlarged hands, feet, facial features.

Graves’ disease treatment

Antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery (can stop goiter growth)

Graves’ disease signs

Goiter, bulging eyes (exophthalmos), anxiety.

Cushing’s disease symptoms

Moon face, central obesity, purple striae.

Post-op complications of thyroidectomy

Airway obstruction, hypocalcemia (tetany).

Addison’s disease medication instructions

Never skip doses; increase dose during stress.

Subtotal thyroidectomy defined

Partial removal of thyroid gland.

Dexamethasone suppression test

Used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome.

Addison’s treatment side effects

Monitor for GI upset, hypokalemia, immunosuppression.

Levothyroxine side effects

Hyperthyroidism signs: weight loss, anxiety, Insomnia.

Type I and II Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1: insulin-dependent; Type 2: insulin resistance; monitor glucose.

Dawn and Somogyi phenomenon

Morning hyperglycemia; Dawn: natural, Somogyi: rebound after nighttime hypoglycemia.

Diabetes Insipidus care plan

Ensure fluid replacement and monitor electrolytes.

Nursing insulin administration

Check glucose, rotate sites, timing based on insulin type. (sub Q)

Ketoacidosis signs and treatments

Fruity breath, Kussmaul respirations, treat with insulin and fluids.

Medications for diabetes mellitus

Metformin, insulin, sulfonylureas.

Types of insulins

Short-acting (regular), intermediate (NPH), long-acting (glargine).

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia treatment

IV fluids, insulin, monitor electrolytes.

Blood test for DM

Fasting glucose, A1C.

Hypoglycemia management

Give juice or glucose gel; long-acting insulin can’t be mixed.