geoscience 1

Density

Amount of mass in given volume

Mass

Amount of matter in an object

Weight

Based on mass AND gravitational pull of earth;force

Volume

Space an object takes up

What is the process of scentific method

1. Question

2. gather information

3. form and test a hypothesis

4. gather evidence

5. make a claim with reasoning

Correlation

Mutual relationship between 2 things

Positive

All results in the same direction

Negative

If one rises the other decreases

Causation

Refers to the factor that is producing the effect

Qualitative

Observation with no numbers (qualities)

quantitative

Observation including numbers/measurement

Geology

Study of origin, history and structure of solid earth

Oceanography

Study of the earths oceans

Meteorology

Study of earths atmosphere

Astronomy

Study of the universe

Ecology

Study of relations ships between living things and their environment

Geosphere

Solid earth

Hydrosphere

Liquid earth (earth water)

Atmosphere

Gasses surrounding earth

Wavelength

Distance between two crests or troughs

What wavelength is red light on the EM

Longer wavelength; less energy

What wavelength is blue light on the EM

Smaller wavelength; high energy

What is a wavelength measured by

Angstroms (A)

Spectroscopy

The lines produced when elements are heated

Radiation

Heat transferred through electromagnetic waves in space without particles

Conduction

Heat transferred through objects in contact

Convection

Heat transferred within fluids

Theory

Hypothesis that has been tested;generally accepted

Scientific law

A theory that happens every single time it’s tested

Big bang theory

Theory that attempts to explain the begging of the universe; universe expanded from a singularity and is still expanding and cooling

Doppler effect (sound)

Shorter wavelengths give higher pitched sounds and opposite for longer

Redshift

Shows a star is moving away emitting a red light with a longer wavelength

Blue had the opposite meaning

Star

Body of gassed that five of heat and light

Apparent magnitude

How a star appears from earth

Magnitude

Brightness of a star

Absolute magnitude

How a star would be if all stars were compared at the same place

Astronomical unit (AU)

Unit to measure the distance from the sun to earth (150 million km)

Parallax

Apparent shift in an object based on viewpoint

luminosity

Amount of light emitted from a star

Hertzsprung Russel diagram (HR)

Plots the luminosity of a star (based on absolute magnitude)

Nebula

Cloud of dust and gas that forms a star

Prostar

When pressure is built in a nebula forming a core

Nuclear fusion

Produces heat in the core; H+H=HE

Constellations

Grouped pattern of stars (88)

Alpha stars

Brightest in a constellation

Beta stars

Second brightest in constellation

Elliptical galaxy

more of a dot or oval

Spiral galaxy

The Milky Way (our galaxy)

Irregular

Clumpy and well irregular

Light year

Speed of light

Core (of the sun)

Where nuclear fusion happens

Radiative zone (2nd)

Energy is moving from atom to atom in waves or photons

Convection zone (3rd)

Energy transfer through gassed

Photosphere(4th)

Visible light is seen

Chromosphere (5th)

Gives off UV light

Corona (6th)

Outmost layer of the sun; thing and had magnetic heating

Hydrostatic equilibrium

Balance between pressure pushing outward and energy due to gravity pulling inward

Sunspots

Cool dark regions in the convection zone caused by coronal loops (cycle is 6-17 years)

Prominences

Huge glowing gas arches near sunspots; caused by magnetic fields

Solar flares

Sudden explosion seen in the chromosphere that release a lot of energy

Solar shock waves

Huge short flares that go out and energy moves up; are very large

Coronal mass ejections

Huge high energy blasts that disturb earths magnetic field; can create auroras

Solar system

Has a sun and bodies revolving it

Nebular hypothesis

Idea that a rotating nebula condensers and cooled throwing off matter (contracted to planets) creating out solar system

what is the order of nebulae hypothesis

1. Supernova

2. Solar nebula formed

3. Hydrogen fusion begins

4. Center becomes hit

5. Sun firms

6. Planetesimals form

7. Planetesimals form protoplanets

8. Protoplanets condense into planets

Crust (earth)

Least dense part, outside

Mantle

Thick layer; middle; iron and magnesium

Core

Most dense; inner part

Cyanobacteria

Blue green algae that brought oxygen to earths atmosphere by photosynthesis; helped form ozone layer

Maria

Dark areas on the moon; solidified lava

Rilles

Lava channels that run though Maria

Crater

Bowl shaped and caused by meteoroid impact

Regolith

Small layer of dust and rock that covers moon surface (similar elements to earth)

Methane

Kept the planet warm before Cyanobacteria

Snowball earth

When earth was very cold after methane dying because of oxygen produced by Cyanobacteria

What are the inner planets (in order)

Mercury, Venus, earth, mars

What are the outer planets (in order)

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune