joints - movements of upper and lower limbs

6 synovial joint types

pivot, ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane

what type of joint is the shoulder ?

ball and socket

glenohumeral

articulating surfaces of shoulder joint

head of humerus and glenoid fossa (cavity) of scapula

the articulating surfaces of synovial joints are covered by

hyaline cartilage

rotator cuff

group of muscles and tendons that act as shoulder stabilisers

what are the 4 key rotator cuff muscles

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

the supraspinatus aids what movement ?

elevates shoulder joint to side - abduction

the infraspinatus aids what movements ?

lateral rotation of arm

transverse abduction of shoulder

the teres minor aids what movements ?

lateral rotation of arm

which rotator cuff muscles are involved in lateral rotation of the arm ?

infraspinatus and teres minor

the subscapularis aids what movements ?

medial rotation of arm

compound joint

three or more bones or articular surfaces come together at single articulation

movement of the shoulder joint at angles above 90° requires…

rotation of scapula

the serratus anterior is inserted into…

the ribs

abduction / protraction of the shoulder requires what muscles ?

deltoid, serratus anterior and trapezius

the elbow is what type of joint ?

hinge, compound

the elbow joint consists of what 3 joints ?

• humero-radial

• humero-ulnar

• proximal radio-ulnar

articulating surfaces of elbow joint

capitulum, head of radius

trochlea, trochlea notch (of ulna)

flexors and extensors of elbow joint

BBC - bicep, brachialis, coracobrachialis

how many radio-ulnar joints are there ?

2 - proximal, distal

in pronation the bones radius and ulna…

cross over each other

supinator muscle

deep

returns radius parallel to ulna

what type of joint is the wrist (radio-carpal) ?

condyloid / ellipsoid

articulating surfaces of radio-carpal joint

distal end of radius, articular disk and proximal row of carpal bones

the radio-carpal joint allows for what movements ?

radial and ulnar deviation

flexion and extension

some rotation

what type of joint is the hip joint ?

ball and socket - but more restricted than shoulder

articulating surfaces of hip joint

head of femur, acetabulum of pelvis

hip joint allows for what movements

• flexion and extension

• abduction and adduction

• medial and lateral rotation

• circumduction

primary hip joint flexors

psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris, pectineus, sartorius

extensor / abductor muscles of hip

gluteus muscles

adductor muscles of hip

medial thigh group, incl. adductor magnus

what type of joint is the knee joint ?

hinge

what bones participate in knee joint ?

femur, tibia, patella

the knee joint consists of what 3 joints ?

• patellofemoral joint

• medial tibiofemoral

• lateral tibiofemoral

articulating surfaces of knee joint

femur, tibia, patella

the patella is connected to the quadriceps superiorly by…

quadriceps tendon

the patella is connected to the tibial tuberosity inferiorly by…

patella tendon

the patella is what bone type ?

sesamoid - embedded within tendon

2 collateral ligaments of the knee joint

medial, lateral (MCL, LCL)

2 cruciate ligaments of knee joint

anterior, posterior

2 ligaments types of the knee joint

collateral, cruciate

identify the MCL

A (deep lies beneath superficial)

identify the LCL

E

the deep MCL consists of what 2 ligaments ?

meniscofemoral and meniscotibial

identify the ACL

D

identify the PCL

C

identify the lateral and medial meniscuses

B - medial on left

the MCL is fused with

the medial meniscus

function of MCL

resists lateral displacement

is the LCL fused ?

no - not with capsule or meniscus

function of LCL

resists medial displacement

function of ACL

prevents forward sliding of tibia and hyperextension of knee

function of PCL

prevents backward displacement of tibia or forward sliding of femur

condyle

articular prominence of bone

patellar dislocation tends to occur in what direction and why ?

lateral - pull of quadriceps slightly lateral to axis of limb

the knee joint allows for what movements ?

flexion (130-160°)

extension

rolling and sliding of condyles

what bones participate in the ankle joint

talus, fibula, tibia

ankle joint is what type ?

hinge

ankle joint allows for what movements ?

dorsi and plantarflexion

dorsiflexion employs what muscle group ?

anterior compartment muscles of leg

plantarflexion employs what muscle group ?

muscles of posterior compartment of leg

identify the joint

subtalar joint

the subtalar joint allows for what movements ?

eversion and inversion of ankle

eversion at the ankle employs what muscles ?

peroneus (fibularis) longus and peroneus brevis

inversion at the ankle employs what muscles ?

tibialis anterior and posterior