Unit 1 Human Geo

Map

two dimensional(flat) representation of a geographical area

Spatial

relating to space

Spatial patterns

the placement or arrangement of objects on earths surface

Elevation

distance above sea level

topographic map

A graphic representation of the three-dimensional configuration of Earth's surface

Refrence maps

emphasize geographic locations on earths surface, displays boundaries, names and unique identifiers

thematic maps

emphasize spatial patterns of geographic statistics or attributes

Choropleth maps

shows aggrated data for a specific geographic area, different colors represent data values

Cartogram

A map that distorts the geographic shape of an area in order to show the size of a specific variable; the larger the area on a cartogram, the larger the value of the underlying variable

Proportional/graduated circle maps

use symbols of different sizes to represent underlying numerical values

Dot Density/Distribution maps

a type of thematic map that uses symbols to represent data

map projection

represents the surface of earth or a celestial sphere on a plane(two dimensional)

Mercator Projection

A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized.

Peters Projection

an equal-area projection that shows all landmasses with their true areas

Goode Homolosine Projection

type of equal area map, uses "interuptions" in the maps continuity to avoid shape distortion and rectangular map restrictions

Polar Projection

A map projection that looks down at Earth from the perspective of one of the poles (North Pole or South Pole)

Robinson Projection

A map projection that attempts to create the most visually appealing representation of Earth by keeping all types of distortion relatively low over most of the map

Census

official count or survey of a population

Latitude

horizontal lines

Longititude

Vertical lines

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Remote sensing

the scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.

Geographic space

The areas we occupy as humans; it has no value until the people who occupy it make it their own

Place

refers to how we modify space

Globalization

economic, political, and cultural processes and their effects

time-space compression

The decreasing distance between places, as measured by travel time or cost; often summarized by the phrase "the world is shrinking"

interdependence

refers to the ties established between regions and countries that over time collectively create a global economic system

Geographic Processes

The physical and human forces that work together to form and transform the world

Diffusion

the pattern by which a phenomenon such as the movement of people or their ideas, technologies, or preferences spreads from one location to another through space or time

expansion diffusion

The spread of ideas or practices through a population from area to area

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Reverse Hiearchical Diffusion

occurs when ideas leapfrog from a lower level of a hierarchy to a higher level.

Contagious Diffusion

involves the wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a contagious disease or a forest fire, moving throughout space without regard for hierarchy.

Stimulus Diffusion

Occurs when a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted

relocation diffusion

occurs when individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland.

ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

enviromental perception

how geographers look at how humans use the land they live on or how humans perceive nature. These can be accurate or inaccurate

Natural resources

Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain

Nonrenewable resources

a natural resource that cannot be replaced

sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. Using resources with future generation in mind

enviromental determinism

the belief that the physical environment is the dominant force shaping cultures

Possibilism

the view that any physical environment offers a number of possible ways for a society to develop.

Scale of Analysis

a scale that determines what is being studied based on the size of the area being examined

Global scale

looks at geographic phenomena across the entire world.

Regional Analysis

analyze phenomena within a specific region

National scale

When geographers identify and analyze geographic phenomena for a specific country

Local scale of analysis

to identify and analyze geographic phenomena within a state or province, a city or town, or even a neighborhood.

glocal perspective

the idea that global-scale processes affect individuals at the local scale.

Region

a geographical unit based on one or more unifying characteristics, functions, or patterns of activity that are taking place.

Absolute Distance

The exact measurement of physical space between two places.

Relative Distance

A measure of the social, cultural, and economic relatedness or connectivity between two places.

Relative Direction

Compass directions such as north, south, east, or west based on location-specific perception.

Fieldwork

The collection of information about life and culture outside an office or laboratory setting.

Aerial Photography

Photographs taken from high-flying aircraft or drones to capture Earth's surface.

Satellite Imagery

Images of Earth collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses.

Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to other places or features.

Absolute Location

The exact position of an object or place on the Earth's surface using coordinates like latitude and longitude.

Friction of Distance

A measure of how much distance hinders interaction between two places.

Formal Region

An area defined by sharing one or more distinct physical or cultural traits.

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point with a system of connections.

Perceptual/Vernacular Region

A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity based on perceived characteristics.

Spatial Perspective

A way of identifying, explaining, and predicting the human and physical patterns in space.

Data Aggregation

The process in which raw data is gathered and expressed in a summarized form.

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate

Site

The physical character of a place

Situation

The location of a place relative to other places

Spatial Perspective

Ask Questions: What? Where? Why there? Why care? Patterns?

What

place, describe what a location is like

Where

Location, describe where a place is located

Toponym

Locations name that usually reflects culture or history of a place

Patterns

Spatial analysis, what patterns can be determined

Clustering

Close together

Dispersal/Distritbution

Far apart

Patterns and spatial associations

indication that two or more phenomena may be related, associated, or correlated with one another(Relationships)

Regionalization

the process geographers use to divide and categorize space into smaller areas of analysis

Why there, Why care- Spatial interactions

connections, contacs, movement, and flow of things between places