Defining, Understanding, and Historical Stages of Globalization

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards detailing the definition, drivers, theoretical frameworks, and historical stages of globalization across all provided lecture slides.

Globalization

The growing connection and interdependence between people, businesses, and countries worldwide through trade, ideas, technology, and culture.

Gita Gopinath

Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund who stated that globalization has made countries much more interdependent and coupled.

Glocalization

The adaptation of a global brand, product, or idea to fit a local culture, such as McDonald's serving rice meals in the Philippines and McSpicy Paneer in India.

Loretta Napoleoni

An Italian journalist and economist who stated that globalization requires a legal framework in order to blossom responsibly.

Legal Framework (in Globalization)

A system of rules designed to guide global economic growth, protect labor rights, safeguard the environment, and maintain economic stability.

Liberalism (Globalization Theory)

A theoretical lens asserting that open trade and free markets drive globalization, increasing production, prosperity, efficiency, and democratic values.

Political Realism (Globalization Theory)

A theoretical lens asserting that nations are driven by self-interest and power competition, shaping globalization through economic and military dominance.

Marxism (Globalization Theory)

A theoretical lens arguing that globalization serves capitalist interests, leading to the exploitation of workers and widening economic disparities globally.

Constructivism (Globalization Theory)

A theoretical lens emphasizing how shared ideas, social norms, cultural practices, and beliefs influence the process and spread of globalization.

Postmodernism (Globalization Theory)

A theoretical lens that questions a single objective reality, focusing on cultural hybridity, variation, and how globalization both homogenizes and alters identity.

Feminism (Globalization Theory)

A theoretical lens highlighting how globalization impacts men and women differently, noting that women often bear the brunt of social and economic shifts.

Transformationalism (Globalization Theory)

A theoretical lens viewing globalization as a dynamic, ongoing process of social and cultural change that transforms societies, institutions, and identities.

Eclecticism (Globalization Theory)

An interdisciplinary perspective arguing that no single theoretical approach can fully explain globalization, requiring multiple combined lenses.

John B. Larson

A U.S. Representative who characterized globalization as an evolving set of consequences and a new reality rather than a monolithic force.

Silk Roads

Ancient East-West trade routes operating from the 1st century BC to the 14th century AD that carried high-end goods like silk from China to Rome.

Spice Routes

Maritime trade routes during the 7th to 15th centuries controlled by Islamic traders to move cloves, nutmeg, and mace across the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean.

Age of Discovery

The period from the 15th to 18th centuries where European exploration linked East and West, though world exports remained under 5% and wealth relied on colonization and the slave trade.

Magellan's Voyage

The circumnavigation of the globe during the Age of Discovery that established direct European routes to the Spice Islands by bypassing traditional middlemen.

First Wave of Globalization

The 19th-century to 1914 era powered by steamships, railroads, and industrial machines, elevating global trade to 14% of global GDP before World War I stopped it.

Second and Third Waves of Globalization

The post-WWII period (1945–2008) featuring US leadership, international trade agreements, the 1989 fall of the Iron Curtain, and the rise of digital supply chains.

Globalization 4.0

The present era of globalization (2009–present) led by the US and China, driven by e-commerce, AI, and 3D printing, while facing cyber threats and climate challenges.