Bio Test Unit 1

All 450 Slides of Unit 1 Condensed into 214 Q-Cards. Still have to add the Lab.

Trace Elements

Required by organisms in minute quantities. Boron, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Flourine, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Silicon, Tin, Vanadium, Zinc.

Elements to make up 96% of an Organism

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen.

Orbital Energy

There is more potential energy in the higher the shell you go.

Ionic Bonds

Can be between metals and non-metal or IONS.

Weak Chemical Bonds

These are IONIC BONDS and HYDROGEN BONDS, they reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other.

Strong Chemical Bonds

Covalent and form a cells molecules.

Van der Waals Interactions

LDF, With non-polar.

Chemical equilibrium

When the forwards and reverse reaction rate are equal.

Temperature and Water

Water absorbs heat from warmer air then releases the stored heat when cooler.

Kinetic energy and Heat

The total energy of movement (DUE TO MOLECULAR MOTION) is measure of heat.

Temperature and KE

Temp is the measure of the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules.

Calorie

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1C.

Calorie to Joule

1cal= 4.184J

Joule to Calories

1J=0.239Cal

Specific Heat

Amount of heat that mist be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1C.

Waters specific heat and WHY

1cal/g/C = HIGH

• High because of all the hydrogen bonds

• heat released when they are formed

• absorbed when break

Heat of vaporization

The heat a liquid absorbs for 1g to be converted to gas

Evaporative cooling

The water absorbs the heat so as it evaporates the remaining surface cools.

Helps stabilize the temperature in organisms (eg Sweating) and bodies of water.

Why does ice float?

The hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered so making ice less dense. There is also small air pockets trapped.

Waters Greatest density

4C

Maltose Creation Draw

Hydration Shell

When an Ionic Compound is dissolved in water each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules.

Colloid (Milk or a Gel)

A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

Acid and Basic Buffers

Substances that minimize changes in concentration of H and OH ions in a solution. They consist if an acid-base part that reversibly combines with H.

Polymers

Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.

Monomers

The small single building block molecules.

Dehydration reaction

When 2 monomers bond together through the loss of 1 water molecule

Dehydration reaction between 2 glycose molecules

Hydrolysis

Polymers break apart when water is added.

Carbohydrates

Are sugars ad polymers of sugars .

Monosaccharides and molecular formula

Singular sugar. Molecular formulas that are multiples of CH₂O.

Classification of Monosaccharides

1. Location of Carbonyl group (ketose (at the end), Aldose (in the middle)

2. number of carbons in the skeleton

How are disaccharide bonded

Through a glycosidic linkage

Plant storage Polysaccharides

Starch, entirely glucose monomers, stored at granules within chloroplasts and other plastids. THIS HAS A ALPHA GLUCOSE RING.

Plant Structure

Cellulose. This is a polymer of glucose but has a BETA GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE.

Human and vertebrates Storage of sugars

Polysaccharide call Glycogen stored in the liver or muscles.

alpha glucose

This is helical.

beta glucose

This is straight. Allows for H-atoms on one strand to bond with OH group on the other. This is then how the microfibrils are grouped.

Humans and B-glucose

They can’t hydrolyze the b-linkages so this is the insoluble fiber that we need microbes to digest.

Chitin

Structure polysaccharide.

Chitin usages

Structural support for fungi and in exoskeletons of arthropods.

Lipids hydro- and why?

Lipids are hydrophobic because they are made up of mostly hydrocarbons so they are ALL NON-POLAR.

Lipids and Polymers?

Lipids are the one class that do NOT form polymers.

What are fats made up of?

Glycerol and fatty acids

Another name for fats with 3 fatty acids

triacylglycerol

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl attached to each carbon.

Fatty acids

Consist of a carboxyl group linked to a long hydrocarbon chain.

Synthesis of Fats DRAW

Fatty acid bonds?

Through a ester linkages. (O-C=O)

Saturated Fats

DO NOT have double bonds (very non-polar) and are solid.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Have 1 or more double bonds (Is slightly non-polar) and liquid.

Hydrogenation

The process of synthetically converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats with the use of trans double bonds.

Essential fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids not synthesized in the body so must be consumed. They are required for normal growth.

Adipose

Tissues cushion vital organs and insulate the body → WHERE THEY STORE ENERGY

Phospholipids

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol. In water they automatically form into a bilayer with the tails inwards.

Steroids

Lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of FOUR fused rings

Cholesterol

Component in animal cell membrane to make the membrane fluid.

Proteins functions (6)

Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and defense against foreign substances. 

Enzyme proteins 

Accelerates chemical reactions with out being using up. They are a catalyst that speeds up chemical reaction.

Defensive proteins

They protect against disease. They are antibodies.

Storage proteins

Store amino acids. ie. proteins of milk stores amino acids for babies.

Transport proteins

Transport of other substances. This is lie hemoglobin and across cell membrane.

Hormonal proteins

Coordination of an organism activities. Ie. insulin.

Receptor proteins 

Response of cell chemical stimuli. 

Contractile and motor proteins

Movement such as actin and myosin.

Structural proteins

Support. ie the proteins in hair

Polypeptide

Are an unbranched polymer built from the same set of 20 amino acids. This is a polymer of amino acids. 

What is a protein?

A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

Amino Acid make up

Has a carboxyl and amino group (h-n-h and o=c-oh) and a side chain R that changes the properties

Glycine 

non-polar 

Alanine 

non-polar 

Valine 

non-polar 

non-polar 

non-polar 

non-polar 

non-polar

non-polar

non-polar 

polar

polar

polar

polar

polar 

polar

acid

acidic

basic 

basic 

basic

Amino acid link

peptide bonds

Structure of Polypeptides 

They have a unique linear sequence of amino acids. THEY ALWAYS HAVE A CARBOXYL AND AMINO ACID END (C-TERMIUS AND N-TERMIUS)

What determines the function of a protein?

There amino acids as it determines what it’s three-dimensional structure. 

Primary structure of a protein

The sequence of amino acids in a protein. This is just how it is coded and is instructed on how to follow, uses genetic information. 

Secondary Structures of Proteins

From a hydrogen bonds from the repeating of the BACKBONE.

2 types of secondary structures.

Coil - alpha-helix

Fold - beta-pleated sheet

Tertiary Structure

Determined by interactions between R-groups.

Tertiary structure interactions

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds (with charged molecules), Hydrophobic interactions, Van der walls interaction and DISULFIDE BRIDGES