Water and Hydrogen Bonding Lecture Flashcards

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering basic chemistry concepts, water properties, and the macromolecule reactions (Hydrolysis and Dehydration) as discussed in the lecture.

Element

A substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons; identified as making up nearly all living matter.

Electronegativity

The property that affects the interactions between water molecules based on their ability to attract electrons.

Atomic mass

The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units.

Octet rule

The chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell.

Chemical bonds

The lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.

Atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.

Covalent bonds

Chemical bonds that involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons equally with each other.

Polar covalent bonds

A type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.

Ionic bonds

A type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Adhesion

The attraction of water molecules to other types of molecules or surfaces.

Cohesion

The property of like water molecules sticking to each other.

Capillary action

The process of a liquid flowing in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity; driven by adhesion and cohesion.

Solvent

The substance, such as water, in which a solute dissolves to form a solution.

Solution

A liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).

Solute

The minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.

$\text{pH}$ (acid vs base)

A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Buffer

A substance that resists changes in $\text{pH}$ when an acid or base is added.

Hydrolysis (1.3.A.1)

The cleaving of covalent bonds to break down molecules where a water molecule is added to the bond that is broken.

Dehydration (1.3.A.2)

The process of connecting monomers into many molecules where a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide group are removed, resulting in the removal of a water molecule.