Unit 9.2: Diseases of Respiratory System

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Last updated 11:44 PM on 7/27/26

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Which parts does the upper respiratory system consist of?

The upper respiratory system consists of: sinuses, middle ear, nasal cavity, pharynx

<p>The <strong>upper </strong>respiratory system consists of: <strong>sinuses</strong>, <strong>middle ear</strong>, <strong>nasal cavity</strong>, <strong>pharynx</strong></p>

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What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

The lower respiratory system consists of: larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli (lungs)

<p>The <strong>lower</strong> respiratory system consists of: <strong>larynx</strong>, <strong>trachea</strong>, <strong>bronchi</strong>, <strong>alveoli (lungs)</strong></p>

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List some examples of the respiratory system’s defenses

Lysozymes, IgA, Mucociliary escalator

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Name the types of Respiratory Infections

Sick Old People Take Every Breath Poorly

Sinusitis
Otitis Media
Pharyngitis
Tonsillitis
Epiglottitis
Bronchitis
Pneumonia

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Out of the respiratory infections:

1. Which one is a sore throat?
2. Which affects ability to speak?
3. Which causes an intense headache?
4. Which is life-threatening?

Pharyngitis → sore throat
Laryngitis → affects ability to speak
Sinusitis → intense headache
Epiglottitis → life threatening

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What organism causes Strep throat / pharyngitis and what is it?

Strep throat is caused by streptococcus pyogenes

Strep throat is an upper respiratory infection that leads to a sore throat with throat pain, difficulty swallowing, and high fever

<p><strong>Strep throat </strong>is caused by <strong><em><u>streptococcus pyogenes</u></em></strong></p><ul><li><p>Strep throat is an <strong>upper respiratory infection </strong>that leads to a <strong>sore throat </strong>with <strong>throat</strong> <strong>pain</strong>, <strong>difficulty swallowing</strong>, and <strong>high fever</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Which organisms causes Pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes Pneumonia

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Which organism causes Tuberculosis? What is it?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis

Chronic infection of the lungs, and is typically a secondary infection in AIDS patients

<p><strong><em><u>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</u></em> </strong>causes tuberculosis</p><ul><li><p><strong>Chronic infection </strong>of the <strong>lungs</strong>, and is typically a <strong>secondary infection </strong>in <strong>AIDS </strong>patients</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Describe the process of Tuberculosis

Bacteria invades the lungs and multiply inside macrophages
Granulomas form, which may rupture and spread
Long-term combined antibiotic treatment is required

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How is Tuberculosis diagnosed?

Tuberculosis is diagnosed through the Tuberculin skin test

Purified protein from the bacteria is injected into the skin
If the person has Tuberculosis, T and B cells will react with the protein, leading to the hardening and reddening of injection site

<p>Tuberculosis is diagnosed through the <strong>Tuberculin skin test</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Purified protein </strong>from the <strong>bacteria </strong>is <strong>injected </strong>into the <strong>skin</strong></p></li><li><p>If the person has Tuberculosis, <strong>T</strong> and<strong> B cells </strong>will <strong>react </strong>with the <strong>protein</strong>, leading to the <strong>hardening </strong>and <strong>reddening</strong> of <strong>injection site</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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What organisms causes Whooping cough? What is it?

Whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis

Bacteria releases virulence factors such as Pertussis exotoxin (enhances inflammation) and Tracheal cytotoxin (disables the mucociliary escalator)

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What vaccines are available against Pertussis toxin?

DTaP and Tdap vaccines are available against pertussis toxin

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Which viruses cause the common cold? What is it?

Rhinoviruses, Adenoviruses and Coronaviruses cause the common cold\

Disease of the upper respiratory tract

$Rhinoviruses, Adenoviruses and Coronaviruses cause the common cold\<ul><li>Disease of the upper respiratory tract</li></ul>$

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Which virus causes Influenza? What is it?

Influenza virus causes Influenza

Transmitted by direct contact and airborne droplets
Disease of the lower respiratory tract

<p><strong><u>Influenza virus</u> </strong>causes <strong>Influenza</strong></p><ul><li><p>Transmitted by <strong>direct</strong> <strong>contact </strong>and <strong>airborne droplets</strong></p></li><li><p>Disease of the <strong>lower respiratory tract</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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What types of spikes does the Influenza virus have?

Hemagglutinin (HA) for attachment
Neuraminidase (NA) for exit

<ul><li><p><strong>Hemagglutinin </strong>(<strong>HA</strong>) for <strong>attachment</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Neuraminidase </strong>(<strong>NA</strong>) for <strong>exit</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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What is the difference between Antigenic Drift vs. Antigenic Shift?

Antigenic drift is when small mutations occur on virus’ protein surfaces HA and NA, requiring a new vaccine every year

Antigenic shift is when two different influenza viruses infect the same cell, creating a completely new virus subtype which can cause a pandemic

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Which virus causes Covid-19?

SARS-CoV-2 causes Covid-19

<p><strong>SARS-CoV-2</strong> causes <strong>Covid-19</strong></p>