Human Communication in Society (Chapter 1-7)

Human Communication

a transnational process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages in specific contexts, influenced by individual and societal forces and embedded in culture

Messages

the building blocks of communication events

Encoding

taking ideas and converting them into messages

Decoding

receiving a message and interpreting its meaning

Symbol

something that represents something else and conveys meaning

content meaning

the concrete meaning of the message and the meanings suggested by or associated with the message and the emotions triggered by it

relationship meaning

what a message conveys about the relationship between the parties

Setting

the physical surrounding of a communication event

participants

the people interacting during communication

channel

the means by which a messages is transmitted

noise

any stimulus that can interfere with, or degrade, the quality of a message

Feedback

the response to a message

Synergetic Model

a transaction model that emphasizes how individual and societal forces, contexts, and culture interact to affect the communication process

field of experience

the education and experiences that a communicator possesses

Culture

learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people

Ethics

standards of what is right and wrong, good and bad, moral and immoral

communication ethics

standards of what is right and wrong, good and bad, moral and immoral

Absolutism

the belief that there is a single correct moral standard that holds for everyone, everywhere, every time

Relativism

the belief that moral behavior varies among individuals, groups, and cultures and across situations

communication competence

the ability to adapt ones communication to achieve ones goals

Appropriateness

following the rules norms and expectations for specific situation or relationship

Effectiveness

achieving one's goals successfully

Something that represents something else and conveys meaning is a(n) _____.

symbol

_____ communication is composed of non linguistic symbols such as smiles, laughter, head nods, and hand gestures.

Non Verbal

You ___ a messages when you interpret the meaning that is being sent.

Decode

Thinking about what you will be doing this weekend while you are studying is an example of _____, because it interferes with the communication process

Noise

_____ meaning describes what the message conveys about the relationship between the two people communicating.

Relationship

Communication is a ____ process in which people generate meaning through the exchange of verbal and non verbal messages in specific context and embedded in culture.

Transnational

Which of the following create ethical codes to reflect beliefs and values?

Individuals, communities, groups (all of the above)

If you fail to mention to your roommate that you accidentally scraped the bumper of her car when you pulled your car into the garage, you have engaged in..

Secrecy

If you believe some circumstances call for stretching the truth or being deceptive because of the circumstances, you likely adhere to an ____

relative

The manner in which you discipline your child may be different in the grocery store versus at your home because of this component of human communication.

Setting

When Louisa interprets her boyfriends thumbs up to mean that he approves of her action, she is encoding his message.

False

The linear model of communication is simpler than the transnational model.

True

Our values can have a large influence on the way we communicate with others.

True

"Homogenous" is the term used to describe how all individual members of the same culture do not think and behave in the same manner.

False

A professor using words that students dont understand is an example of noise.

True

paradigm

belief system that represents a particular worldview

Theory

a set of statements that explain a particular phenomena.

Hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation

method

the specific ways that scholars collect and analyze data which they then use to prove or disprove their theories

social science approach

contemporary term for the behaviorist approach

Behaviorism

the focus on the study of behavior as a science

naturalistic

relating to everyday, real-life situations, such as a classroom, cafe, or shopping mall

quantitative methods

methods that convert data to numerical indicators, and then analyze these numbers using statistics to establish relationships among the concepts

Demand-Withdraw

an interaction pattern in which one partner criticizes or tries to change the other partner, who responds by becoming defensive and then disengaging - either psychologically or physically

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

interpretive approach

contemporary term for humanistic (rhetorical) study

rhetoric

communication that is used to influence the attitudes or behaviors of others; the art of persuasion

Humanism

a system of thought that celebrates human nature and its potential

qualitative method

methods in which researchers study naturally occurring communication rather than assembling data and converting it to numbers

content analysis

approach to understanding communication that focuses on specific aspects of the content of a text or group of texts

ethnographic

relating to studies in which researchers actively engage with participants

cultural communication

communication patterns within a specific community

Rhetorical Analysis

used by researchers to examine texts or public speeches as they occur in society with the aim of interpreting textual meaning

critical approach

an approach used not only to understand human behavior but ultimately to change society

Textural Analysis

similar to rhetorical analysis used to analyze culture products such as media and public speeches

a ___ is a belief system that has a set of assumptions about knowledge, reality, and human nature

Paradigm

according to social scientific research, one particularly unhealthy pattern of conflict behavior is when one partner attempts to talk through an issue calmly but the other partner___

Withdraws

Individuals who are more satisfied in their relationship have a ___ attachment style and tend toward positive emotional communication.

Secure

An ____ is type of research is conducted by a researcher who travels on the road with a team of disabled rugby players and engages in their daily lives.

Ethnography

_____ scholars are concerned with whether or not they have the right to study, analyze, and represent the views of others, perhaps disadvantaged people.

Critical

observing the behaviors of women at a hair salon to see how they interact in a natural environment, would involve the _____ approach.

Social Science

A communication researcher who is examining the flirtation behaviors used by couples and converting that information into numeric data is using _____ methods.

Quantitative

Julie criticizes her father for his political view and is trying to convince him that he is wrong. He responds by shaking his head and leaving the room. This is an example of _____ communication pattern.

Demand-withdrawal

Which of the following major approaches is the most important to understand the complexity of communication?

They are equally important

Critical scholars often look to _____ texts to discuss societal norms.

Media, Historical, written (all of the above)

The study of communication has a short history that we've only begun to explore fairly recently.

False

Critical scholars generally use quantitative methods.

False

Methods describe the specific ways in which scholars collect and analyze data, the results of which they use to test theories.

True

Social scientists consider communication to be predictable.

True

One of the ethical concerns for interpretive scholars is making sure that what they present is an accurate portrayal of what the participant intended.

True

identity

who a person is, composed of individual and social categories a person identifies with, as well as the categories that others identify with that person

reflected appraisals

the idea that people's self-images arise primarily from the ways that others view them and from the many messages they have received from others about who they are

looking-glass self

the idea that self-image results from the images others reflect back to an individual

particular others

the important people in an individual's life whose opinions and behavior influence the various aspects of identity

generalized other

the collection of roles, rules, norms, beliefs, and attitudes endorsed by the community in which a person lives

self-fulfilling prophecy

when an individual expects something to occur, the expectation increases the likelihood that it will

stereotype threat

process in which reminding individuals of stereotypical expectations regarding important identities can impact their performance

self-concept

the understanding of one's unique characteristics as well as the similarities to, and differences from, others

self-esteem

part of one's self-concept; arises out of how one perceives and interprets reflected appraisals and social comparisons

self-respect

treating others, and expecting to be treated, with respect and dignity

performance of identity

the process or means by which we show the world who we think we are

self-presentation

influencing others' impressions by creating an image that is consistent with one's personal identity

enacting identities

performing scripts deemed proper for particular identities

role expectations

the expectation that one will perform in a particular way because of the social role occupied

mutable

subject to change

racial identity

identification with a particular racial group

multiracial identity

one who self-identifies as having more than one racial identity

national identity

a person's citizenship

ethnic identity

identification with a particular group with which one shares some or all of these characteristics: national or tribal affiliation, religious beliefs, language, and/or cultural and traditional origins and background

gender identity

how and to what extent one identifies with the social construction of masculinity and femininity

sexual identity

which of the various categories of sexuality one identifies with

age identity

a combination of self-perception of age along with what others understand that age to mean

social class identity

an informal ranking of people in a culture based on their income, occupation, education, dwelling, child-rearing habits, and other factors

disability identity

identification with physical or mental impairment that substantially impact everyday life

religious identity

aspect of identity defined by one's spiritual beliefs

Examples of secondary identities include all of the following EXCEPT

Age

Which of the following is NOT true regarding our identity?

All of these are true of identities.

1) Identities are understood through historical, social, and cultural environments.

2) Identities are both fixed and dynamic.

3) Identities are created through our interactions with others.

4) Identities can be both individual and social.

The idea that our self-images are shaped by the ways others view us is called

reflected appraisals.