Phonology Ch. 4 Quiz

What type of errors do not collapse contrasts between words and are associated with poor knowledge of articulatory gestures?

phonetic errors

What do phonetic errors fail to do in relation to word contrasts?

collapse contrasts between words

Phonetic errors reflect poor knowledge of what?

articulatory gestures

What are phonetic errors typically a sign of?

phonetic disorder

What two types of errors are assumed to be phonemic errors because they do not neutralize between minimal pair words?

distortion and omission errors

Why are distortion and omission errors considered phonemic

because they do not neutralize contrasts between minimal pair words

What are the subtypes for differential diagnosis

• articulation disorder

• phonological delay

• consistent atypical phonological disorder

• inconsistent phonological disorder

• childhood apraxia of speech

Articulation disorder

synonymous with phonetic disorder

specific distortion errors

Phonological delay

• error patterns similar to younger children with typically developing speech

• phonological patterns would be predictable across multiple attempts of the same word

• both in imitation and spontaneously

Consistent atypical phonological disorder

• predictable error patterns that do not typically occur in the speech of typically developing children

• family history & phonological awareness

Inconsistent phonological disorder

• word inconsistency test

• variable productions on at least 40% of the words meet the criterion for inconsistency

• phonemic paraphasias

• greater accuracy in imitated vs spontaneous speech

Childhood apraxia of speech

• rare disorder that arises from a deficit in motor planning

• inconsistent speech errors

• significant difficulties will be observed during the oral-peripheral mechanism examination

• groping, imitation, speech & non speech, prosody, errors increase as number of syllables increase

What type of framework is the speech disorder classification system (SDCS)

a medical model

What does the SDCS aim to link signs and symptoms of the disorder to?

the etiology

In the SDCS framework, what term refers to the underlying speech process explaining the types of speech errors?

proximal cause

What does the proximal cause in SDCS help explain?

the types of speech errors produced by the child

What term in SDCS refers to the origin of the impairment in the underlying speech process?

distal cause

What does the SDCS classify using a medical model approach?

speech disorders based on their signs, symptoms, and etiology

What type of deficits does the psycholinguistic approach aim to identify in children with speech sound disorders (SSD)

speech processing deficits

What do speech processing deficits account for in the psycholinguistic approach

the surface characteristics of the child’s speech

Are there predetermined categories in the psycholinguistic approach to diagnosis

no, there are no predetermined categories

Does the psycholinguistic model expect all children with SSD to be classified into mutually exclusive subtypes

no there is not such expectation

What are the three areas where breakdowns may occur in most psycholinguistic models of speech impairment

input processes, phonological representations, and output processes

In the psycholinguistic model, what do phonological representations refer to

the mental representations of speech sounds and patterns

Prevalence

the proportion of people at any one time who have SSD

Primary prevention

Concerned with preventing the occurrence of speech and language difficulties by targeting causal factors

Etiology

Study of the distribution, determinants, and natural history of health conditions at the population level

Secondary prevention

concerned with the provision of targeted early interventions to people at risk of developing a health problem

Distribution

likelihood that SSD is more likely in some parts of the population than others, such as different age groups or people living in different geographical regions

Determinants

factors that are casually associated with variations in the distribution of SSD

True or False: A large proportion of children who were diagnosed with SSD in the preschool period continue to produce speech errors as adults

False, most children with SSD show improvement over time, especially with intervention. While some may have persistent issues, it's not a large proportion.

True or False: Children with SSD in the preschool period are more likely to have reading difficulties in elementary school if the SSD is resolved before they start attending school

False, if the SSD is resolved before school starts, the risk of reading difficulties is lower. Ongoing SSD into the school years is more strongly linked with reading problems

True or False: Children with a preschool history of SSD are more likely to have literacy difficulties in school if they also present with a co-morbid language disorder

True, co-morbid language disorders significantly increase the risk for later literacy difficulties.

True or False: A preschooler diagnosed with SSD who also has a co-morbid language disorder and a family history of SSD should receive speech therapy immediately

True, these are known risk factors, and early intervention is strongly recommended to support long-term outcomes.