Bio: Unit 1 Biochemistry

What affects the biological function of water

the properties that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding

• polarity: they have partial charges on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom

  • this polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

• hydrogen bonding: at the surface of the water the molecules are more attracted to each other than the air above—> makes the film

Adhesion

the tendency of water to cling to other things (hydrogen bonding interaction with other substances)

Cohesion

the attractive force between water molecules

Surface tension

the tendency to resist puncture because there are so many cohesive forces

• hydrogen bonds are throughout the water but not the air so there is a film created on the water where it meets the air

Capillary action

cohesion allows water molecules to stick together

• forms a continuous collum of water

adhesion helps water molecules stick to the walls of the narrow tube

ex: xylem in plants

What elements are used to build biological molecules

• carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: ALL

• nitrogen: nucleic acids and proteins

• sulfur: proteins

• phosphorous: nucleic acids and some lipids

How do organisms acquire matter the need to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization

environment

Polymers (monomers)

• carb (monosaccharide)

• protein (amino acid)

• nucleic acid (nucleotide)

• lipid (fatty acid)

saturated hydrocarbons

single bonds and solids at room temp

unsaturated hydrocarbons

double and triple bonds and liquid at room temp

• bends and kinks in the bond

How do changes in subunits of a polymer make changes in structure which make changes in functions

• structural diversity in macromolecules

• R Groups

  • size and shape: change the kinks and bends in the shape

  • charge

  • polarity

  • special functional groups

levels of protein structure

1st: primary order (determines how the functional groups interact)

2nd: shapes within the proteins

3rd: the whole protein

4th: multiple proteins grouped together

Dehydration synthesis

removing water from the bond to break the hydrogen bond

Hydrolysis

adding water to a bond to form a hydrogen bond

Covalent bonding

glycosidic bonding: two linkages

Amino acid bonds

peptide bonds: proteins are held together by peptide bonds

• between amino acids