US History Post 1945

Flashcards that contain vocabulary terms from the lecture notes and their definitions.

Key Lessons of World War II

World War II changed the United States position in the world. It also changed american politics, culture, and economy

Fascism

A political ideology marked by intense nationalism and xenophobia; designation of in and out groups; corporatism (State investments in business); militarism; far right authoritarianism

Rise of Fascist Europe and Asia

Mussolini became prime minister of Italy in 1922; Japanese imperialism expanded in the early 1930s; Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933; The Spanish Civil War occurred 1936-1939; Nationalists take power in 1939

Stimson Doctrine (1932)

Refusal by the US to recognize any state established by Japanese aggression.

US Neutrality (1937-1941)

US declares neutrality, and established a “quarantine” against “world lawlessness”

March on Washington Movement

Movement organized by Bayard Rustin and A. Phillip Randolph in 1941 to entice government to expand jobs in defense industries to black americans

Pearl Harbor

Coordinated Japanese attack on American bases in Hawaii and the Pacific on December 7, 1941 that led to an immediate declaration of war against Japan, Italy, and Germany.

Post Nazi Invasion of Soviet Union (1941)

The US and soviets found common ground against fascism

WWII Timeline

June 1941: Nazi invasion of soviet union; December 7, 1941: japanese attack on pearl harbor; August 6&9 1945: US detonates atomic bombs in japan; August 14-15, 1945: V-J day

WWII Conversion

Roosevelt developed war production board; Converts consumer good manufacturing to tanks, destroyer, bombers, ammunation, etc.

Executive Order 9006

Instituted by FDR on February 19, 1942, it created “exclusion zones” and removed more than 100 thousand Japanese American people from their homes and interned them

Double V Campaign

Campaign coined in february 1942, fighting for democracy abroad to help bolster demands for democracy at home.

Bracero Program

A diplomatic agreement between US and mexico in August 1942 to import Mexican laborers with promise of 30 cents/hour minimum wage and “decent” living conditions. It lasted until 1964

Manhattan Project

Established 1939, employed 130 thousand people, cost 2 billion, and invested in scientific research.

Post War Peace Negotiations

Peace talks to negotiate territorial shifts and control, where the Soviet union carves out sphere of influence in eastern europe and agreement to share control germany

GI Bill

Act that provided education allowance for colleges and universities, loans for homes or businesses, and up to 52 weeks unemployment insurance

Why Korea?

Korean conflict event that made the cold war a tangible thing in people's lives around the globe

Desegregation of the Armed Forces (Executive Order 9981)

Executive order in 1948 establishing president's committee on equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed services. Korean war accelerates integration

Politics of Consumption

Notion of mobilizing the entire country where spending became american, something that all americans did, needed to do, and that defined them as americans

Red Baiting

The term for accusing civil rights activists as communist

Nuclear Family

The idealistic image of affluent, heterosexual white families, seen in advertising, and in TV sitcoms

Brown V Board of Education (1954)

Arguments centered around how school segregation negatively impacted children’s development

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Resulted from local action and federal policy, the boycott paired with lawsuit against montgomery forces federal government to intervene

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

SNCC: Organized at Shaw university in Raleigh, NC, 1960, centered young people

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Act that prohibits discrimination the basis race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, bans discrimination in places of public accommodation like hotels, restaurants, parks, theaters, and ensures federal enforcement power on issues of discrimination

Freedom Summer

Attempt to register as many black voter as possible in mississippi in the summer of 1964

Voting Rights Act, 1965

Act that outlawed discriminatory practices like literacy tests

Black Power

SNCC leader stokely carmichael coins the term a call for strong international bonds, for black community-building, and embrace of black heritage and culture and building black political and economic power outside the confines of white american society

Henry Kissinger

National security advisor from 1969-75, secretary of state 1973-1977 - form of diplomatic relations with one on one and secretive meetings with foreign powers to iron out separate peaces outside of international treaty bodies (like the UN)

Vietnamization

Nixon creates policy to withdraw resources and train the south vietnamese military to take leadership in the conflict

Camp David Accords

Meeting between israeli prime minister and egyptian president facilitated by president jimmy carter. Where Egypt formally recognized israel and settled some territorial disputes from the 1973 war

Phyllis schlafaly

“what's wrong with equal rights for women” - Claimed that the ERA would disadvantage housewives, cause women to be drafted into the military (draft ended in 1973), and lose preference in child custody and alimony cases.

Stonewall Inn

Bar in greenwich village, NYC, and popular gay hangout spot that was regularly raided by police, who harassed and arrested patrons

The Southern Strategy

Nixon's admin opposed expansion of VRA, enforcement of fair housing act of 1968, and slowed school desegregation measures

The Silent Majority

Coined by richard nixon in 1969 specifically in response to anti-war protest to undermine the political validity of social movements

The Silent Majority

An attempt to undermine the political validity of social movements

Guantanamo Military Commissions

The military commissions that are a system of military tribunals for prosecuting detainees at guantanamo bay

Election of 1960 Technology

Televised presidential debates that highlight kennedys vibrancy; media coverage of civil rights protests and student activism (People saw images of protests in their own living rooms); new coverage of vietnam that showed Violence of conflict known to americans, including dramatic photography of violence against civilians

NAFTA, 1994

Free trade agreement in North America that Sparked militant indigenous social movements in mexico

Why US invades Iraq (2003)

The claim by Bush administration made unfounded claims that Saddam Hussein's regime held weapons of mass destruction, and that it has ties to al-qaeda

“Black Lives Matter”

A wave of protests have periodically arisen since 2014 in response to police violence, especially toward black people

Black Lives Matter

There's a long history of protests and uprising in response to police violence, especially toward black people

Gaza Solidarity

Student university mobilization to Stop israeli bombardment of gaza and create pressure on universities to cut financial ties to arms manufacturers

Trump Doctrine

A foreign policy approach prioritizing national interests and security over multilateral cooperation.

Historical Archeology

The study of past cultures through examining the material remains of earlier societies to reconstruct their ways of life.

United Nations

An international organization founded in 1945 to promote international peace, security, and cooperation among nations.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that a state's authority is derived from the consent of its people, who are the source of all political power.

Federalism

A system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.

Naturalization

The legal process of granting citizenship to a person in a country.

Human Rights

Inherent rights that all individuals possess, regardless of their background or status.

Communism

A political theory advocating for a society where property is publicly owned and individuals are compensated based on their needs and abilities.

Welfare State

A state providing social and economic security to its citizens through equality of opportunity and wealth redistribution.

Nonviolent Resistance

Using peaceful forms of protest to achieve social or political change.

Key Lessons of World War II

Key lessons from WWII involved the transformation of the United States' global position and significant changes in American politics, culture, and economy.

Fascism

An intensely nationalistic and xenophobic political ideology that designates in-groups and out-groups, incorporates corporatism and militarism, and leans towards far-right authoritarianism.

Rise of Fascist Europe and Asia

The rise of fascist states in Europe and Asia, including Mussolini's rise to power in Italy (1922), Japanese expansion in the early 1930s, Hitler's chancellorship in Germany (1933), and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

Stimson Doctrine (1932)

The US policy of refusing to recognize any state established through Japanese aggression.

US Neutrality (1937-1941)

The US declared neutrality and established a 'quarantine' against 'world lawlessness' during this period.

March on Washington Movement

A movement organized by Bayard Rustin and A. Phillip Randolph in 1941 to pressure the government to expand job opportunities in defense industries for Black Americans.

Pearl Harbor

A coordinated attack by Japan on American bases in Hawaii and the Pacific on December 7, 1941, leading to the US declaring war against Japan, Italy, and Germany.

Post Nazi Invasion of Soviet Union (1941)

The Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 led to the US and Soviets uniting against fascism.

WWII Timeline

Key events include the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the US atomic bombings in Japan on August 6 & 9, 1945, and V-J Day on August 14-15, 1945.

WWII Conversion

Roosevelt established the War Production Board to convert consumer goods manufacturing to produce tanks, destroyers, bombers, ammunition, and other war materials.

Executive Order 9006

Issued by FDR on February 19, 1942, this order created 'exclusion zones' and forcibly removed over 100,000 Japanese Americans from their homes, interning them in camps.

Double V Campaign

Coined in February 1942, this campaign fought for democracy abroad to support demands for democracy at home.

Bracero Program

A 1942 diplomatic agreement with Mexico that imported Mexican laborers with a promise of 30 cents/hour minimum wage and 'decent' living conditions, lasting until 1964.

Manhattan Project

Established in 1939, this project employed 130,000 people, cost $2 billion, and invested in scientific research.

Post War Peace Negotiations

Peace talks involving territorial shifts and control, with the Soviet Union carving out a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe and an agreement to share control over Germany.

GI Bill

This act provided education allowances for colleges and universities, loans for homes or businesses, and up to 52 weeks of unemployment insurance for veterans.

Why Korea?

The Korean conflict made the Cold War a tangible reality in people's lives around the globe.

Desegregation of the Armed Forces (Executive Order 9981)

This executive order in 1948 established the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, with integration accelerated by the Korean War.

Politics of Consumption

The idea of mobilizing the country through spending, making consumption American, necessary, and defining for all Americans.

Red Baiting

Accusations against civil rights activists, labeling them as communists.

Nuclear Family

An idealized image of affluent, heterosexual white families, commonly seen in advertising and TV sitcoms.

Brown V Board of Education (1954)

Arguments in this case centered on how school segregation negatively impacted children’s development.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

This boycott, stemming from local action and federal policy, paired with a lawsuit against Montgomery, forced federal intervention.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

Organized at Shaw University in Raleigh, NC, in 1960, this committee centered around young people in the civil rights movement.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, banning discrimination in public accommodations and ensuring federal enforcement power.

Freedom Summer

A 1964 effort to register as many Black voters as possible in Mississippi.

Voting Rights Act, 1965

This act outlawed discriminatory practices such as literacy tests that were used to prevent Black Americans from voting.

Black Power

Coined by SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael, this term called for strong international bonds, Black community-building, embracing Black heritage and culture, and building Black political and economic power.

Henry Kissinger

Serving as National Security Advisor (1969-75) and Secretary of State (1973-1977), he utilized secretive, one-on-one meetings with foreign powers to negotiate separate peaces outside of international treaty bodies like the UN.

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy to withdraw US resources from Vietnam and train the South Vietnamese military to take the lead in the conflict.

Camp David Accords

A meeting facilitated by President Jimmy Carter, bringing together the Israeli Prime Minister and Egyptian President, leading to Egypt formally recognizing Israel and resolving territorial disputes from the 1973 war.

Phyllis schlafaly

She claimed that the ERA would disadvantage housewives, lead to women being drafted into the military, and cause women to lose preference in child custody and alimony cases.

Stonewall Inn

A popular gay hangout in Greenwich Village, NYC, which was regularly raided by police who harassed and arrested patrons, sparking the Stonewall Riots.

The Southern Strategy

Nixon's administration opposed the expansion of the VRA, the enforcement of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, and slowed down school desegregation measures.

The Silent Majority

Coined by Richard Nixon in 1969 to undermine the political validity of anti-war protests and other social movements.

Guantanamo Military Commissions

Military tribunals for prosecuting detainees at Guantanamo Bay.

Election of 1960 Technology

Televised presidential debates highlighted Kennedy's vibrancy, media covered civil rights protests, and Americans saw uncensored violence from Vietnam in their living rooms.

NAFTA, 1994

A free trade agreement in North America that sparked militant indigenous social movements in Mexico.

Why US invades Iraq (2003)

The Bush administration's claim that Saddam Hussein's regime had weapons of mass destruction and ties to al-Qaeda.

“Black Lives Matter”

A series of protests since 2014 in response to police violence, especially toward Black people.

Gaza Solidarity

Student university mobilizations to stop Israeli bombardment of Gaza and pressure universities to cut financial ties to arms manufacturers.