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The Romans maintained a large empire for several centuries until when?

510 BCE

Hardships gradually weakened the Roman empire starting in

2nd century CE

__ weakened __

plagues, civil wars, rivals, and tribal invasions - population, territory, military, authority, and economy

When was the Plague of Antoine and what did it do?

2nd century CE, depleted population and military

What was Rome’s Persian rival?

Sassanid Empire

When were Germanic Tribes driven into the Roman Empire?

4th century

Why were Germanic Tribes driven into the Roman Empire?

overpopulation, climate changes, gothic tribes that were driven away by Hunnic invaders

When did the Huns start raiding Rome?

4th and 5th century

The Roman empire split into

western and eastern empires

What happened to the Western empire

plagued by gothic and germanic states, lacked authority, civil war, loss of influence and power

As the Germanic, gothic, hunnic, and slavic tribes established kingdoms, there was a need for

organization and protection

Europe devised what system?

Manorial system

The manorial system was predicated on

hereditary lineage and fealty

peasants are also known as

serfs

peasants were

unfree laborers who worked the land for knights nobles, kings for protection and food during famine

where did peasants work

Common Land

What is the significance of the Common Land

It gave peasants access to food as long as they worked

Feudalism

co dependent hierarchy stemming from local authorities

Europeans protected themselves from

Vikings in 793-1066

Smaller local kingdoms couldn’t compete with larger empires like

Arab Caliphates, Mongol hordes, Ottoman Empire

There were feuds over

decision making, authority, tax collection

Feuds led to

disputes between monarchs and nobility

Feuds made it hard to

form larger and powerful states

One noteworthy centralized state is

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire followed

Frankish king Charlemagne and Carolingian Empire in 9th century CE

Holy Roman empire existed for

1000 years

The Holy Roman Empire was united or disunited

largely disunited

Medieval europe was dependent on

peasant agriculture

commerce and manufacturing in medieval europe were controlled by

municipal craft guilds

craft guilds were composed of

local craftsmen and merchants that the gov gave licenses and opportunity

the craft guilds dictated

commerce, trade, min max prices, employment, quality, and production techniques

guilds were dominant in

north european port cities

what did guilds do

work together to control trade routes, fund priv armies, and negotiate terms with kings

Hanseatic League was from

1368

Hanseatic League dominated trading of

wool, fish, lumber

southern europe focused on the trade of

spices and exotic goods from eastern mediterranean

sourthern europe focused on

early banks in places like venice and genova