cset subtest 1 language arts

Phoneme

Smallest unit of sound that changes word meaning

Phonemic Awareness

Ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes; strongest predictor of reading success

Purpose of Phonemic Awareness

Helps children understand how sounds combine to form words

Phonemic Awareness Goals

Build awareness of vowels and consonants, Identify and isolate sounds, Manipulate sounds, Blend and segment sounds

Phoneme Isolation

Identifying individual sounds in a word

Phoneme Identity

Identifying the same sound in different words

Phoneme Classification

Identifying which word does not belong based on sound

Phoneme Substitution

Replacing one sound with another to form a new word

Phoneme Segmenting

Breaking a word into individual phonemes

Phoneme Blending

Combining phonemes to form a word

Phonics

Teaching method emphasizing letter–sound relationships

Alphabetic Principle

Predictable relationship between letters and sounds

Phonological Awareness

Ability to hear and manipulate sounds; develops before phonics

Early Reading Development

Reading skills develop in stages

Emergent Reader (Early Childhood–Kindergarten)

Relies on picture reading, scribbling, and pretend reading

Emergent Reader Instruction (Early Childhood–Kindergarten)

Introduce phonemic awareness and concepts of print

Beginning Reader (Kindergarten–1st Grade)

Learns letter–sound correspondence and decodes CVC words

Beginning Reader Instruction (Kindergarten–1st Grade)

Phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, segmenting, decoding

Fluent Reader (2nd–3rd Grade)

Recognizes patterns and reads with increasing accuracy and speed

Fluent Reader Instruction (2nd–3rd Grade)

Word-attack skills, vocabulary, spelling, comprehension

Independent Reader (4th–8th Grade)

Reads larger units, decodes multisyllabic words fluently

Independent Reader Instruction (4th–8th Grade)

Fluency, comprehension, metacognition, advanced decoding

Remedial Reader

Student needing targeted reading intervention

Remedial Instruction Focus

Prevention is more effective than remediation

Remedial Instruction Strategies

Diagnose weaknesses and reteach skills explicitly

Concepts of Print Assessment

Measures understanding of how print works

Marie Clay’s CAP Assessment

Evaluates emergent reader print knowledge

Phonics Inventory

Measures decoding and letter–sound knowledge

Shefelbine-BPST II

Assesses basic phonics skills

Fry Phonics Patterns Test

Diagnoses phonics pattern knowledge

Phonological Awareness Assessment

Measures ability to manipulate sounds

Rosner’s Test of Auditory Analysis

Assesses phoneme deletion

Oral Reading Assessment

Measures fluency and comprehension

Fry Oral Reading Assessment

Measures words correct per minute

Reading Ability Assessment

Measures word recognition and reading level

San Diego Quick Assessment

Tests word recognition in and out of context

Spelling Inventory

Measures developmental spelling ability

Words Their Way

Assesses spelling, phonics, and vocabulary development