Exam 4

Where is the Kidney located?

Located posterior wall of the abdomen partially protected by 11th,12 ribs

What is the function of the Perirenal Fat?

Acts as a cushioning, engulfs the renal capsule

Function of the perineal Fascia

Anchors kidney and surrounding adipose tissue to abdominal wall

Functional unit of the Kidney?

Nephron

Different parts of the Nephron

1.Renal Corpuscle(dilated portion)

2. Renal Tubule consist of:

Proximal Convoluted tubule

Think and thick limb of Henle’s loop

Distal Convoluted tubule

What is Biology?

The science that studies life and living organisms.

What are the main branches of Biology?

Zoology, Botany, Microbiology, Ecology, and Genetics.

What is a cell?

The basic unit of life; the smallest structural unit of an organism.

What is the function of DNA?

DNA carries the genetic information necessary for reproduction and functioning of living organisms.

What is photosynthesis?

The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

What is natural selection?

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Define ecosystem.

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells; meiosis results in four genetically diverse gametes.

What function do enzymes serve in biological processes?

Enzymes act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions.

What is homeostasis?

The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability despite external changes.

What are proteins made of?

Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

What is a genotype?

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

What is a phenotype?

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism.

What role do chloroplasts play in plant cells?

Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

What is the significance of the fossil record in biology?

The fossil record provides evidence for the evolution of species over time.

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration can all affect enzyme activity.

Define biodiversity.

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

What is thermoregulation?

The process that allows the body to maintain its core internal temperature.

What is a trophic level?

Each step in a food chain or food web, representing the flow of energy through an ecosystem.

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

What is a mutation?

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in a protein.

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

What is an ecosystem's carrying capacity?

The maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support sustainably.

What defines a species?

A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

What is symbiosis?

A close and often long-term interaction between two different species.

What are chromosomes?

Structures within cells that contain DNA and genetic information.

What is the role of mitochondria?

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy through respiration.

Define adaptation in biology.

A trait that increases an organism's fitness for survival in its environment.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

What are lipids important for?

Lipids are important for storing energy, making up cell membranes, and signaling.

What is a biome?

A large geographic biotic unit, a major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions.

What is genetic drift?

A mechanism of evolution that refers to random changes in the frequency of alleles.

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

To transmit signals between different parts of the body and respond to stimuli.

What role do fungi play in an ecosystem?

Fungi decompose organic material, recycling nutrients in the ecosystem.

What is a pathogen?

An organism that causes disease in its host.

What is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

What is gene expression?

The process by which a gene's information is used to synthesize functional gene products like proteins.

Define trophic cascade.

A series of changes in a population's structure or function in an ecosystem due to the addition or removal of a top predator.

What is the purpose of the scientific method?

To provide a structured approach for investigating questions and testing hypotheses.

What is ecological succession?

The process by which ecosystems change and develop over time.

What is the significance of water in biological systems?

Water is essential for life, acting as a solvent, medium for reactions, and a temperature regulator.

What is the role of vaccines in immunity?

Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens.

What is a keystone species?

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.

What is cellular respiration?

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Meiosis produces gametes for sexual reproduction, reducing chromosome number by half.

Define ecological niche.

The role and position a species has in its environment, including its habitat and interactions.

What is the role of the endocrine system?

The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various physiological processes.

What is an allele?

A variant form of a gene at a specific position on a chromosome.

What are primary producers?

Organisms, typically plants, that produce energy available for consumption by other organisms in the ecosystem.

What is a food web?

A complex network of feeding relationships among different organisms in an ecosystem.

What is the role of the immune system?

To protect the body against diseases and infections by detecting and responding to pathogens.

What is conservation biology?

A field of biology focused on the study and preservation of biodiversity.

What are pheromones?

Chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with others of their species.

What is bioluminescence?

The production and emission of light by living organisms, typically through chemical reactions.