Anatomy and Physiology - Basic Chemistry

Four elements that account for most of a human’s dry mass

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen

How are isotopes different from normal atoms of the same element

Isotopes have more neutrons

How is atomic weight calculated for an atom

multiply the mass of each isotope and add its results

1st shell

2nd shell

3rd shell

2, 8, 8

What solution has more H+? What solution has more OH?

Acidic, Basic

What is an electrolyte?

a liquid or gel that contains ions and can be decomposed by electrolysis

What is the most abundant inorganic substance in the body?

Water

What occurs in a covalent bond?

two atoms share valence electrons

What occurs in an ionic bond?

atoms transfer electrons to each other

What defines a substance as organic?

contains carbon and hydrogen, larger, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Saturated fats

Unsaturated fats

no double bonds between carbons, one or more double bonds between carbons

What is an enzyme?

proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies

DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, double helix, deoxyribose, lacks oxygen atom

RNA

Uracil, ribose

Carbohydrates

contains C, H, O, main energy source, monomer is monosaccharide

Lipids

made of long hydrocarbon chains with occasional oxygen atom, hydrophobic

Proteins

enzymes, structural molecules, storage, transport, defense, communication, movement, hormones

Nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information, C, H, O, N, P, DNA and RNA, monomer of nucleic acids

What kind of macromolecule is glycogen? What is its function in humans, where is it found?

carbohydrates (polysaccharides), It is an energy source found in the liver and skeletal muscle

Components of a nucleotide

nitrogen base (DNA and RNA), Five-carbon sugar (ribose and deoxyribose), phosphate group (DNA double helix)

What is the role of a buffer?

A substance that minimizes a change in pH function by accepting H+ in excess

Polar

electrons shared, not equally

Non polar

electrons are shared equally

What is a trace element?

required only in minute quantities

Roles of hydrogen bonds

easily broken/ reformed, holds water molecules together, protein folding, connects strands of DNA double helix

Carbohydrates

Disaccharide

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Fats

Saturated and Unsaturated

Phospholipids

Steroids