Cellular Reproduction and Genetics Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on Biol 101 sample questions.

Regeneration (Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates)

Invertebrates possess a greater ability to regenerate than most vertebrates because invertebrates possess more undifferentiated cells than vertebrates possess.

Cell Division (Genetic Information)

Cells produced through normal cell division (like mitosis in Amoeba) contain the same genetic information as the original cell.

Asexual Reproduction (Budding)

Budding, a form of asexual reproduction, is characterized by unequal division of cytoplasm and equal division of genetic material.

Budding vs. Binary Fission

Cytoplasm is unequally divided in budding, whereas it can be equally divided in binary fission.

Asexual Reproduction (Colony Characteristics)

A colony of bacteria reproducing asexually for many generations will result in individuals that are almost identical in all characteristics.

Mitotic Cell Division (Chromosome Number)

Mitotic cell division normally results in the production of two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Mitosis and Cytoplasmic Division

If mitosis is not accompanied by cytoplasmic division, it would most likely result in one cell with two identical nuclei.

Mitosis Event Sequence

The normal sequence of events in mitosis is replication of each chromosome, separation of centromeres, movement of single-stranded chromosomes to opposite ends, and nuclear membrane formation.

Undifferentiated Plant Tissue

Meristematic tissue from the tip of a root is where you would observe mitotic cell division in a plant.

Normal Mitotic Cell Division

Normal mitotic cell division results in two diploid cells.

Cell Plate

Cell plate formation occurs during plant cell division.

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Synapsis of chromosomes occurs during meiosis but not mitosis.

Chromosome Study

A photograph of human chromosomes, studied to determine genetic disorders, is a karyotype.

Gamete Chromosome Number

A gamete normally contains half the number of chromosomes compared to a body cell of a parent.

Down Syndrome

Down syndrome may result from the presence of an extra chromosome in a zygote.

Codominance

Codominance is when two allele traits are both expressed equally.

Sex Determination

The sex of a person depends on whether the sperm that fertilizes the egg contains an X- or Y-chromosome.

Color Blindness (Inheritance)

The allele for color blindness is carried on the X-chromosome.

Sex-Linked Genes

Genes carried only on an X-chromosome are sex-linked.

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction can result in conditions like Turner's syndrome where a female has only one X-chromosome.

Hemophilia

A heterozygous woman for hemophilia marries a normal man will pass hemophilia allele to one-half of their children of either sex.

Mendel's Discoveries

Mendel developed basic principles of heredity without knowledge of chromosomes.

Mendel's Principles

Dominance, independent assortment, and segregation are basic principles of heredity established by Mendel.

Homozygous

An organism possessing two identical genes for a trait is said to be homozygous for the trait.

Diploid Cell Combination

Independent assortment in diploid cell is possible if AB, Ab, aB, and ab are found in the gametes produced from meiosis.

Phenotypes and Genotypes

Wire-haired dogs produce a smooth-haired pup, the genotypes of the parent dogs are most likely Dd and Dd.

Codominance

Offspring production with white coats illustrate Codominance.

Gene-Chromosome Theory

Part of the gene-chromosome theory states that alleles governing the same trait are found on homologous chromosomes.

Homologous Chromosomes

Alleles governing the same trait are found on homologous chromosomes.

Linked Genes

Two genes for two different traits located on the same chromosome are said to be linked.

Crossing-Over

Crossing-over is the process of exchange of genetic material during synapsis.

DNA Base Sequence

The sequence of bases in DNA determines inherited characteristics.

DNA Nucleotide Composition

A DNA nucleotide contains deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group.

DNA Function

During protein synthesis, DNA functions to codes molecule directly.

Transfer RNA

On messenger RNA, the sequence of three nitrogenous bases is known as a codon.

messenger/RNA

In a synthesis of proteins, they carry information that determines the sequence of amino acids.