Cellular Reproduction and Genetics Flashcards

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Vocabulary flashcards based on Biol 101 sample questions.

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36 Terms

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Regeneration (Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates)

Invertebrates possess a greater ability to regenerate than most vertebrates because invertebrates possess more undifferentiated cells than vertebrates possess.

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Cell Division (Genetic Information)

Cells produced through normal cell division (like mitosis in Amoeba) contain the same genetic information as the original cell.

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Asexual Reproduction (Budding)

Budding, a form of asexual reproduction, is characterized by unequal division of cytoplasm and equal division of genetic material.

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Budding vs. Binary Fission

Cytoplasm is unequally divided in budding, whereas it can be equally divided in binary fission.

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Asexual Reproduction (Colony Characteristics)

A colony of bacteria reproducing asexually for many generations will result in individuals that are almost identical in all characteristics.

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Mitotic Cell Division (Chromosome Number)

Mitotic cell division normally results in the production of two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Mitosis and Cytoplasmic Division

If mitosis is not accompanied by cytoplasmic division, it would most likely result in one cell with two identical nuclei.

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Mitosis Event Sequence

The normal sequence of events in mitosis is replication of each chromosome, separation of centromeres, movement of single-stranded chromosomes to opposite ends, and nuclear membrane formation.

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Undifferentiated Plant Tissue

Meristematic tissue from the tip of a root is where you would observe mitotic cell division in a plant.

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Normal Mitotic Cell Division

Normal mitotic cell division results in two diploid cells.

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Cell Plate

Cell plate formation occurs during plant cell division.

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Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Synapsis of chromosomes occurs during meiosis but not mitosis.

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Chromosome Study

A photograph of human chromosomes, studied to determine genetic disorders, is a karyotype.

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Gamete Chromosome Number

A gamete normally contains half the number of chromosomes compared to a body cell of a parent.

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Down Syndrome

Down syndrome may result from the presence of an extra chromosome in a zygote.

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Codominance

Codominance is when two allele traits are both expressed equally.

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Sex Determination

The sex of a person depends on whether the sperm that fertilizes the egg contains an X- or Y-chromosome.

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Color Blindness (Inheritance)

The allele for color blindness is carried on the X-chromosome.

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Sex-Linked Genes

Genes carried only on an X-chromosome are sex-linked.

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Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction can result in conditions like Turner's syndrome where a female has only one X-chromosome.

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Hemophilia

A heterozygous woman for hemophilia marries a normal man will pass hemophilia allele to one-half of their children of either sex.

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Mendel's Discoveries

Mendel developed basic principles of heredity without knowledge of chromosomes.

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Mendel's Principles

Dominance, independent assortment, and segregation are basic principles of heredity established by Mendel.

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Homozygous

An organism possessing two identical genes for a trait is said to be homozygous for the trait.

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Diploid Cell Combination

Independent assortment in diploid cell is possible if AB, Ab, aB, and ab are found in the gametes produced from meiosis.

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Phenotypes and Genotypes

Wire-haired dogs produce a smooth-haired pup, the genotypes of the parent dogs are most likely Dd and Dd.

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Codominance

Offspring production with white coats illustrate Codominance.

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Gene-Chromosome Theory

Part of the gene-chromosome theory states that alleles governing the same trait are found on homologous chromosomes.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Alleles governing the same trait are found on homologous chromosomes.

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Linked Genes

Two genes for two different traits located on the same chromosome are said to be linked.

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Crossing-Over

Crossing-over is the process of exchange of genetic material during synapsis.

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DNA Base Sequence

The sequence of bases in DNA determines inherited characteristics.

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DNA Nucleotide Composition

A DNA nucleotide contains deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group.

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DNA Function

During protein synthesis, DNA functions to codes molecule directly.

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Transfer RNA

On messenger RNA, the sequence of three nitrogenous bases is known as a codon.

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messenger/RNA

In a synthesis of proteins, they carry information that determines the sequence of amino acids.