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Length scales on a rapidly moving object appear shortened
Length contraction
a change of the direction of a light ray when observed from various inertial reference frames
Relativistic aberration
the effects of gravity are indistinguishable from the effects of acceleration
Equivalence Principle
the gradual shift in the position of a celestial body's perihelion, or the point in its orbit closest to the sun
Perihelion advance
when light appears slightly redder because it loses energy as it travels away from a strong gravitational field
Gravitational red shift
huge, thread-like structures made up of dark matter and galaxies that connect galaxy clusters across the universe
filaments
Point on the celestial sphere directly overhead
Zenith
Point on the celestial sphere directly underneath
nadir
projection of Earth’s equator onto the celestial sphere
Celestial equator
the imaginary circle in the sky around the North or South celestial pole, where stars within that circle are considered "circumpolar stars"
circumpolar circle
