AP Human Unit 6 Vocab Quiz 2

Blockusting

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of property.

Boomburbs

A large rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of urban core cities.

Disamenity Zones/sectors

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.

De facto segregation

Racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement (not imposed by law)

Decentralization

the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the Central city

Exurb (exurbanization)

small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

Exurbanite

Person who left the inner city and moved to outlying suburban and rural areas.

Favelas (barrios)

a very poor and crowded area of a city in Brazil; slum area

Ghettoization

A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources

Inner City Decay/ Urban decay

Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty.

Leap-frog development

development that occurs well beyond the limits of the current urbanized area, usually take advantage of less expensive land.

Megacities

Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since WW2. All are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.

Megapolis

Several metropolitan areas that were originally separate but have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.

Metacities

Was introduced by UN to capture the increasing size of the largest urban aggregations on the planet. Any urban area comprising more than 20 million inhabitants.

New Urbanism

Counter to Urban sprawl. developement, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and a sense of place.

Node

Geographical centers of activity. Large cities (like LA) may have many.

Segregation

The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of central city.

Slow-growth cities

Urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl.

Suburban sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

Transportation-oriented development

A mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport

Urban growth boundary

Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city

Walkability

a measure of how friendly an area is to walking.. factors influencing this include the presence or absence and quality of footpaths, sidewalks or other pedestrian rights-of way, traffic and road conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety, among others.

World City

Centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce

Zones of abandonment

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons

Zoning practices

Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities can take place in certain areas. In the US, area are mostly commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail or industrial use

African City Model

Afrcia has the world’s lowest levels of urbanization yet the most fastest growing cities. African cities have a high range of diversity so making a model is difficult. Three CBDs: remanent of colonial CBD, informal market zone, transitional business center. All surrounded by a zone characterized by squatter settlements and informal satellite townships

Latin America city

Owe much of their structure to colonialism, the raid rise of industrialization and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other colonial cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the CBD, where most industrial and financial activity occurs.

Primate City

A country’s leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.

Southeast Asian City Model

McGee model. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found separate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

Annexation

the internationally legal addition of new territory into an existing state

Central Business District

the core commercial and business hub of a city, characterized by high land values, dense construction, and a concentration of businesses, particularly financial institutions and retail establishments

Census Tracts

a small, relatively permanent statistical subdivision of a county that is used for the purpose of collecting and analyzing demographic data.

Central City

The urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs

Concentric Zone Model (Burgess Model)

a theory that describes how cities grow and develop, proposing they expand outwards in concentric circles from a central core

Council of Government

A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States.

Density Gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

Edge Cities

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Filtering

A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.

Galactic City Model

based on the city of Detroit, Michigan and is made up of an inner city, with large suburban residential and business areas surrounding it. These areas are tied together by transportation nodes, like beltways, to avoid traffic congestion.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Greenbelts

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Metropolitan Statistical Area

a region containing a city of at least 50,000 inhabitants and its surrounding urbanized area, including adjacent counties with high economic and social integration

Micropolitan Statistical Areas

a geographic area centered on an urban cluster with a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000, plus adjacent counties or county equivalents with high levels of economic and social integration

Multiple Nuclei model (Harris/ Ullman Model)

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

Peripheral Model of cities

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Public Housing

Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set as 30% of the families' incomes.

Public Transit

a system of transportation that is available for use by the general public, typically comprising buses, trains, subways, and other forms of mass transit.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Sector Model (Hoyt Model)

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district.

Smart Growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

Social Area Analysis

a method used to study the spatial distribution of different social groups or characteristics within a city or region

squatter settlements

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Suburban Segregation

the separation of populations within suburban areas, often based on race, class, or ethnicity

Urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, reallocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Urban sprawl

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into the surrounding rural land, resulting in low-density, car-dependent development patterns

Zoning ordinance

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.