Ap human unit 6

hearths of urbanization

mesopotamia, indus valley, nile valley, huang he valley, peru, mesoamerica (where cities started) coincides with the first agricultural revolution

Site factors

Things that are located at a place. ex: climate, natural resources, physical terrain.

situation factors

what surrounds a place and impacts the development of the place. describes a place in relation to other geographic features or places around it

changes in transportation technology

as transportation moves, the amount of goods and services and where people live

changes in communication and tech

working remotely, working from home, offices closing in downtowns in the CBD

urbanization

migration of people from rural to urban

mega city

a city with more than 10 million more residents

meta city

a city with more than 20 million residents

boomburb

rapidly growing suburban city that has developed its own unique identity

exurb

settlements that exist outside urban area but remain connected to urban area

edge cities

have their own economic district. low population density, houses, and business spread out

urban sprawl

unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban or suburban area into the surrounding countryside

urban decentralization

when people and buisnesses move away from the urban core to peripheral areas

CBD

(central business district) more building close together, expands upward

world cities

multinational corporations, stock exchanges, worldwide media companies. ex: new york, paris, london, tokyo, shanghai

urban hierarchy

the ranking of various cities in which the most powerful and influential hold the highest places and the least powerful and influential hold the lowest placed

situation

a city’s interconnection with other urban areas

rank size rule

explains the distribution of a country’s cities based on proportional population

primate city rule

in LDC/ periphery and semi periphery counties where primate cities exist, there will be very few other large or medium- sized cities

central place theory

a settlement whose purpose is to provide goods and services to people living in surrounding settlements

threshold

the number of people needed to support a good or service

range

the distance people are willing to travel to spend money on a good or service

low order

good and services have a low range and threshold, common low cost items like groceries or clothing

high order

goods and services have a high range and threshold. speciality or luxury items like airports, sports arenas.

burgess concentric zone model

model based on Chicago 1920s

Hoyt sector model

added direction as a determining factor. describes the internal arrangement of a city in terms of transportation and communication

multiple nuclei model

a model developed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman (1940s) that argues that a city develops around several distinct nodes

galatic city model

developed in response to rising urban sprawl and rise of cars for commuting

latin american model

based on mexico city

southeast asian model

multiple commercial zones

subsharan africa model

ethic neighborhoods

population density

the measure of how many people occupy a given unit of land

land use

the assignment function of a given unit of urban land, whether residential, commercial, manufacturing, etc.

zoning regulations

laws that dictate how land can be used

infilling

the development of undeveloped or underused land inside urban areas for commercial or residential use

infrastructure

all the systems and structures that support populations in a place. refers to all the amenities in a city that make people’s lives possible

sustainability

the use of resources necessary to create a livable urban society in a way that ensures those resources continue to be available for future generations

ecological footprint

the amount of land required to support a given population use of natural resources

smart growth polices

initiatives from urban planners that combat urban sprawl by emphasizing environmental protection and compact, walkable neighborhoods with abundant public transportation

mixed land use

the creation of neighborhoods with diverse functions

walkable neighborhoods

streets and sidewalks are laid out to make walking both convenient and safe

diverse housing options

different races

new urbanism

shares similar goals to smart growth cities, but instead focuses on smaller scale of the neighborhood itself to create european style neighborhoods with dense populations

green belts/ green spaces

a circular area of trees, forests or agricultural land that surrounds a city and acts as a formal barrier between urban and rural areas

slow growth cities

urban areas that are zoning laws to slow the rate of urban sprawl

defacto racial segregation

that is not supported by law but still occurs due to people’s choices, as housing increases, low income minorities are pushed out of new development

quantitive

numbers based. data that can be counted and analyzed and is gathered through precisely worded surveys or large scale census

qualitative

descriptive and language based. characterized by narratives and descriptions and is gathered through open ended questions, interviews and field reports

census track

basic unit of measurement for census data= 4,000-12,000 people in the us

census block

and area of land, further subdivided, can be a city block

redlining

a practice dating back to the 1930s in the U.S in which banks marked high risk urban areas on maps with red lines and refused to lend money to people

blockbusting

a practice in which real estate agents sowed fear into white homeowners by persuading them that their neighborhoods were becoming unsafe due to black families moving in

housing affordability

the maximum price a buyer can afford when purchasing a residence

squatter settlements

temporary and in many cases illegal, housing often found on the outskirts of urban areas in peripheral county’s

disamentity zone

places where no amenities like running water or sanitation exist

zones of abandonment

areas of a city that have been completely abandoned either because people could no longer afford to live there or some environmental disaster

gentrification

the process by which deteriorating areas in the city are rebuilt and renewed to offer high quality housing

inclusionary zoning

policies enacted by municipal governments that require at least part of new developments include affordable housing

local food movements

moments sponsored by nongovernmental organizations which encourage low income communities to grow their own food in urban areas

suburban sprawl

geographic expansion of an urban area with little or no planning

sanitation

disposal of garbage and human waste

regional planning efforts

efficient mass transportation, laws to dictate where housing can be built

rise of farmland protection policies

makes it impossible for developers to develop agricultural land without first going through a rigorous process for determining the ecological impact