Hemolysis

High WBC

Leukocytosis

Leukocytes

Infections/inflammation

Some cancer/leukemia

Low WBC

Leukopenia

Leukopenia

Overwhelming infections

Blood marrow abnormalities/Auto immunity

Some viral infections

High RBC

Polycythemia

Low RBC

Anemia

Leukocytes WBC

Antibody and cellular protection against infections

Different WBCs

Neutrophil (SEG), Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte, & Lymphocytes

Agranular

Mononuclear (lymphs & monos)

granular

Polymorphonuclear (seg,eos,baso)

Leukopoietin

Stimulates bone marrow to increase leukopoiesis

(Production of white blood cells)

Segmented nucleus

Pale blue/clear cytoplasm

Pink granules

Color varies per species

Shape varies per species

Round, oval, spindle

Eosinophil

Eosinophil

help promote inflammation, which plays a beneficial role in isolating and controlling a disease site. But sometimes inflammation may be greater than is necessary, which can lead to troublesome symptoms or even tissue damage

Hypersensitivity - dermatologic Issues

Basophil

• Related to mast cells (contain histamine)

  Basophilia:

• Parasites

• Allergies/Hypersensitivity

• Usually accompanied by eosinophils

  Rare

LYMPHOCYTES

• Recognize and respond to antigens

• Cell-mediated immune response

  T-cells

  maturation in thymus

• Humoral immune response

  B-cell mature in bone marrow move to lymph nodes and spleen

  Antibodies

Lymphocytosis

• Physiologic lymphocytosis
  (Stress: adrenaline: cats)

• Infection/Inflammation

• Some cancers

• Young Animals

Lymphopenia

• Stress/Steroids

neutrophilia + monocytosis +

lymphopenia + eosinopenia.

Stress leukogram

SMILED

(segs + monos increased; lymph + eos decreased)

Monocytes

• Phagocytosis

• Increased numbers:

• Necrotic tissue

• Inflammation

• Associated with chronic infections

• Stress

• Migration to tissues

• Macrophages (Phagocytosis in tissue)
  Dendritic Cells (Present pathogen to T cells)

Jugular

Largest

Faster flow, less sample damage Animals with clotting problems

Cephalic

Can cause problems for IV catheters

Saphenous

Good in fractious animals

Can be difficult to find

Femoral

Prone to hematoma formation

Slow draw, often small vein

Anticoagulant tubes:

• EDTA: Purple top/ Lavender top

• Heparin: Green top

• Citrate: Coagulation tests

Chemistries:

• Red top or Tiger top

• No additives

• "Serum Separator Tube"

Total protein

• Useful in determining hydration status

• Measured with a refractometer

• Use the correct scale!!!

• Calibrate and clean with distilled water

PCV:

percentage of RBCs in circulation in percent - manual;

Hemoglobin (Hb/Hgb)

is the protein contained in red blood cells that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

No segmentation to the nucleus

Often C shaped or horseshoe

Any pinched in area = mature seg

Increased demand for neutrophils (severity of dz)

(HYPOSEGMENTED)

LEFT SHIFT

(IMMATURE CELLS)

Neutropenia:

Decreased production, sequestration, overwhelming demand

Neutrophilia

Physiological (adrenaline), Stress/Steroid, Inflammation/Infection

Chromatin

nuclear material description differs during maturation so can help identify stage

Which of the following cells has a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio; coarse, clumped, dark-staining chromatin; and a sky blue cytoplasm?

small lymphocyte

Which of the following cells has cytoplasmic granules that stain blue to blue-black and gray-blue cytoplasm, often with small vacuoles?

basophil

Megakaryocytes are the precursor cell to

thrombocytes

The first phagocyte to respond to an infection:

neutrophil

Which of the following cells is usually associated with a chronic infection.

monocyte

Which component of the CBC is most helpful in assessing hydration status?

total protein concentration

Blast cells are generally defined as:

large immature cells

Which statement is correct?

Crenation affects many RBCs in an area of the blood film, whereas true poikilocytosis most likely affects only selected RBCs.

When the WBC differential is described as having a left shift, it means there is:

an increase in the number of immature (band) neutrophils

Reactive changes are:

typically observed in monocytes and lymphocytes

Toxicity in the neutrophils may be characterized by:

the presence of foamy cytoplasmic vacuolation

the presence of Doehle bodies

diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia

Leukopenia is defined as:

an overall decrease in the number of circulating WBCs

A canine RBC is:

a biconcave disk-shaped cell

Acanthocytes are:

poikilocytes

Which of the following is another term for icterus?

jaundice

What is the function of the megakaryocyte?

produces thrombocytes

The refractometer is used to determine:

total protein

Which erythrocyte index gives an indication of the average size of the red blood cell?

MCV

Phagocytes are a type of:

WBC

In a normal marrow sample, what cell would be the most immature?

Prorubricyte

A monolayer of cells on a blood smear is best described as:

cells with no overlapping or touching

A target cell is also called a:

codocyte

A crenated cell is also called a(n):

echinocyte

Spherocytes may be seen on a blood smear from a dog suffering from:

IMHA

An allergic response that is frequently life threatening is the result of:

anaphylaxis