bio 12 unit 1

structural isomer

structural isomer

cis-trans isomer

enantiomer

hydroxyl group

carbonyl group

carboxyl group

any of a class of organic compounds having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of two hydrocarbon radicals

ketone

the chemical group -CHO

aldehyde group

carboxyl group ionized

sulfhydryl group

phosphate group

amino group

amino group ionized

polymers resulting from the removal of water

dehydration

a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce monomers

hydrolysis

bonding carbon of one sugar to an oxygen that binds to another sugar

glycosidic linkage

maltose

glucose+sucrose-> ? (draw)

many OH (hydroxyl) groups and one carbonyl group

carbohydrate functional group

- simple sugars ending in "ose"
ex: ketose, aldose, fructose, glucose e.c.t

monosaccharide examples

CH2O

monosaccharide ratio

they are structural isomers

relationship between glucose and fructose

starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen e.c.t

polysaccharide examples

extra glucose is DEHYDRATED and turned into polymer starch and stored in roots

how and where do plants store energy

food is turned into monomers to use, unsed glucose turns into glycogen and stored.

how do animals store excess carb?

hydrophobic due to non polar nature

lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

- cushion and protect
- part of membrane
- hormolne regulators
- energy dense

what do lipids do

- long carbon skeleton
- carboxyl group
- saturated = single bonds
- unsaturated= double bonds

fatty acid (carboxylic acid) components

another name for fat

triacyglycerol draw

- 3 fatty acids and glyceride

fat monomers

- any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base
- has a phosphate group
- forms bilayer
- tail=non polar
- head= polar

phospholipid

- regulators
- 4 carbon rings

steriods

- work as enzymems catalizing reactions
- transport things (hemoglobin oxygen)
- immune system
- cell structure
- muscles
- communication between cells

protein functions

- organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group
- monomer
- asymmetrical carbon

amino acid

the simplest amino acid found in proteins and the principal amino acid in sugar cane

glycine

a crystalline amino acid that occurs in many proteins

alanine

a sweetish crystalline amino acid involved in the synthesis by the body of cysteine

serine

an amino acid containing sulfur that is found in most proteins; oxidizes on exposure to air to form cystine

cysteine

end of amino acid that has amino group

N terminus

end of amino acid with carboxyl group

c terminus

- order that amino acids appear on a chain

primary structure

- hydrogen bonds between parts of backbone
- creates pleated sheets or helix
- carboxyl groups attract to amino groups on diffrent parts of chain

secondary structure

- attraction between the side chains
- SH side groups attract eachother to form disulfhyde bonds
- np groups attract to p groups

tertiary structure

- 2+ polypeptides joining and twisting together ex:hemoglobin

quaternary structure

glycerol draw

bond between amino acids

polypeptide bond draw + define

phosphodiester bond

- adenine
- gaumine

purine name + draw

- urisil
- cytosine
- tymine

pyrimidine

a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids

deoxyribose

ribose