BIOCHEMLEC

Keratin:

• Comprise the type I and type II intermediate filament-forming proteins and occur primarily in epithelial cells

• Found in epithelial cells, which line the inside and outside surfaces of the body 

• Helps from the tissues of the hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin

Collagen:

• It is the most abundant protein in the body 

• It's used to make connective tissue 

• Major component of bone, skin, muscles, tendons, and cartilage 

• Composed of three chains, wound together in a tight triple helix 

• It helps to make tissues strong and resilient

Elastin:

Elastin is a key extracellular matrix protein that is critical to the elasticity and reliance of many vertebrate tissues, including large arteries, ligaments, tendons, skin, and elastic cartilage

Myosin:

• Thick filament 

  • Head and tail 

• Motor protein 

• Generates the force in a muscle contraction

Tropomyosin

• Blocks myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing cross-bridge formation 

• Prevents contraction in a muscle without nervous input

Troponin:

• Globular protein 

• Protein complex that binds to tropomyosin 

• Helps position tropomyosin on the actin molecule

Hemoglobin:

• Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissue and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs

• Made up of four globulin chains 

  • Each globulin chain contains heme

• Responsible for the color and shape of the blood

Serum albumin:

• Is the largest protein component of human blood 

• It is an important factor in the regulation of plasma volume and tissue fluid balance

Erythropoietin:

• Glycoprotein hormone 

• It is naturally produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney 

• It acts in red blood cells to protect them against destruction 

• It stimulates stem cells of the bone marrow to increase RBS production 

• EPO doping increases an athlete's performance ability and endurance

Oxytocin:

• It is a neurotransmitter 

• Produced in the hypothalamus

• It is released in response to the activation of sensory nerves during labor, breastfeeding, sexual activity, and positive interactions between adults or between humans and animals

  • well-being and anti-stress effects

Somatotropin:

• Growth hormone

• Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland 

• It stimulates the growth of essentially all tissues of the body 

• Keeps blood glucose levels within set levels 

• Decreases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism

Vasopressin:

• Antidiuretic hormone 

• Helps control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys and the blood vessels 

• Conserves body water by reducing the loss of water in urine

Dopamine:

• It is a neurohormone 

• Produced in the hypothalamus 

• Provides an intense feeling of reward 

• Pleasure and addiction 

• Low dopamine levels are associated with diseases including parkinsons disease, restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 

Serotonin:

• It is a neurohormine

• Mostly found in the gut

• It influences learning, memory, and happiness as well as regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behavior, and hunger

• Lack of enough serotonin is thought to play a role in depression, anxiety, mania and other health conditions.

Melatonin:

• Sleep hormone

  • Initiates and maintains sleep

• produced in response to darkness

  • Pineal gland

    • retina, the gastrointestinal tract, and the innate immune system

  • Light can block melatonin production

• It helps with the sleep-wake cycle

  • Circadian rhythm

• Immune system health

  • Antioxidan

Heat-Shock proteins

A group of proteins that bind functionally important intracellular proteins and protect them from conformational disruption during hyperthermia and oxidant stress

Immunoglobulin

• Antibodies 

• Essential protection against bacteria, viruses, and fungi

• Glycoproteins that are produced by B cells in response to antigenic stimulation

Myoglobin:

• Monomeric protein found mainly in muscle tissue

• It serves as an intracellular storage site for oxygen

• The primary function of myoglobin is to supply oxygen to the muscle. 

Circadian Rhythm

• Physical, mental, and behavioral changes an organism experiences over a 24-hour cycle 

• Body clock 

Ovalbumin:

• The major egg white protein is synthesized in the hen's oviduct

• It is responsible for egg white formation

• It accounts for about 54% of the total proteins of egg albumen

Ferritin:

• Ferritin is a protein complex that stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic form

• Low levels of ferritin lead to iron-deficiency anemia.

• High levels of ferritin can damage your joints, heart, liver, and pancreas.

Primary Structure

• Linear sequence of amino acids

• A small protein has at least 60 amino acid residues

• Connected by peptide bond

Secondary Structure

• A repetitive conformation of the protein backbone

• Connected by peptide bond and hydrogen bonds

• alpha-helix; beta pleated; random coil

Tertiary Structure

• The complete 3D arrangement of the atoms in a protein

Held together by: peptide bonds hydrogen bonds disulfide bonds salt bridge

Quaternary Structure

• The spatial relationship and interactions between subunits in a protein that has more than one polypeptide chain

• Held together by peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, salt bridge

Fibrous:

• Long and narrow

• Used mainly for structural purposes

• Repetitive amino acid sequences

• Less sensitive to changes in pH and temperature

• Insoluble in water

Globular:

• Round / spherical › Used for non-structural purposes

• Irregular amino acid sequence

• More sensitive to changes in pH and temperature

• More or less soluble to water

Simple proteins

• composed of amino acids

• also called homoprote

• Ex. serum albumin, globulin, glutelins, histones, protamines, collagen, keratin 

Conjugated Proteins

• Contains a prosthetic group or a non-protein part in addition to protein.

• Ex. Glycoprotein, Phosphoprotein, Lipoprotein, Chromoprotein

Derived Protein

• Proteins derived from simple or conjugated proteins by physical or chemical means

• Ex. denatured proteins and peptides

Complete protein

• Contains an adequate amount of all the essential amino acids that should be incorporated in the diet

• Even if the protein contains all the essential amino acids, they must be in equal proportion in order to be considered complete

• Generally comes from animal and fish products Source: meat, fish, dairy, egg

Incomplete Protein

• Any protein that lack one or more essential amino acids in correct proportion

• Also called partial proteins Source: grains, nuts, beans, seeds, peas, corn

• Combining two or more incomplete proteins to create a complete protein

Denaturation

• The loss of the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of a protein by a chemical or a physical agent 

• The primary structure remains intact

Protein hydrolysis:

• Breaking the peptide bonds by treatment with aqueous acid, base, or certain enzymes

• The primary structures of protein are cleaved by the addition of water

Protein deficiency

• Hypoproteinemia 

• A state of relative pr absolute deficiency of body proteins or one or more of the essential amino acids 

• Rare in developed countries

Protein energy malnutrition

• Protein energy undernutrition 

• A condition arising from inadequate intake of food rich in energy and protein, characterized by marked weight loss and failure to grow

  • Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

• Severe undernutrition - a deficiency in all the macronutrients that the body requires to function, including carbohydrates, protein and fats

• Causes visible wasting of fat and muscle under the skin, giving bodies an emaciated appearance

• It causes stunted growth in children

Kwashiorkor 

• Severe form of malnutrition 

  • Severe protein malnutrition 

• Bilateral extremity swelling

• Previously believed to be due to protein deficiency and low levels of antioxidants and aflatoxins 

• Too much fluid in the body’s tissues, which causes swelling under the skin (edema)

• Marked muscle atrophy 

• Abdominal distension 

• Growth retardation

Phenylketonuria

• A rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acod called phenylalanine to build up in the body 

• A change in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene causes PKU 

• Phenylalanine can build up in the blood and drain 

• Without treatment, PKU can damage the brain and nervous system, which can lead to learning disabilities 

• Behavioral difficulties

Protein

• a group of complex macromolecule that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulfure

• Linear polymers of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

• Diverse, abundant, and important class of biomolecule

• Unlike lipids and carbohydrates, proteins are not stored, so they must be consumed daily 

• Dietary protein usually comes from eating meat and dairy products

amino acid

• Organic compounds containing an amino group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH)

• Peptides and proteins are formed when amino acids are joined together by amide bonds

  • The amide bond is called a peptide bond   

• 20 common amino acids 

• Most amino acids are called chiral molecules 

• Most are a-amino acids

• All amino acids in the body are L-isomer

• They are zwitterions

isoelectric point

 the pH at which amino acids have equal positive and negative charges 

essential amino acids

• cannot be prodiced by the body 

• 10 amino acids(arginine+tangalin)

Phenylalanine

• Production of tyrosine 

• Required if one's diet does not contain enough tyrosine 

• Formation of neurotransmitters and hormones 

  • Norepinephrine

  • Epinephrine 

  • Dopamine

  • Thyroid hormones 

• Helps with depression 

• Ex. present in high-protein foods, such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, cereals, beans, nuts, and tofu

Valine

• Promotes the repair of tissues

• Helps with energy provisions 

• Regulates blood sugar levels 

• Stimulates the central nervous system 

• Helps with stress management 

• Ex. beef, chicken, pork, fish, tofu, yogurt, beans, podded peas, seeds, nuts, and whole grains like oatmeal

Tryptophan

• Required to produce serotonin and me;atonin

• Improves sleep quality

• Needed for the manufacture of vitamin B3(niacin)

• Prevents cholesterol buildup

Threonine

• Maintain balance of protein in the body 

• Support normal growth and development

• Procudes the amino acids serine and glycine 

• Helps to process fatty acids and prevent liver failure when combined with methionine and aspartic acid 

Isoleucine

• involves muscle development and repair

• Insufficient levels of this amino acid within the body can produce symptoms that are similar to those experienced by people suffering from hypoglycemia 

Methionine

• sulphur containing essential amino acids

• Helps in effectively processing and removing fat

• Prevents liver damage in acetaminophen poisoning 

• Improves wound healing 

• Produces the amino acids

  • Taurine 

  • Cysteine 

  • Glutathione

Histidine

• essential for infants to ensure the regulation of growth, natural development, and repair mechanism 

• Essential for maintaining energy and blood supply as well as detoxification of heavy metals

• Regulation of blood pH and wound healing

Arginine

• A semi-essential amino acids

• The rate of synthesis is too slow

• Stimulates the release of growth hormone and insulin 

• Improves the circulation

• Strengthens the immune system

• Enhances male libido

• Accelerates the rate of wound healing

Arginine

• Improves the burning of excess fat 

• Decrease cholesterol levels

• It is converted in the body into nitric oxide

  • Nitric oxide to vasodilator

Lysine

• Helps to build a healthy immune system

• Involve in the development of antibodies and have important antiviral properties 

• Assists with the formation of collagen and muscle tissue 

• Aids in growth and maintenance of bones

• Lowers cholesterol 

• Anti-anxiety 

Leucine

• The 4th most concentrated amino acid found within muscle 

• Helps maintain nitrogen balance and energy supply

• Supports muscle building 

• Lowers cholesterol and LDL levels 

• Reduces the risk of atherosclerosis 

Limiting amino acids

• is the shortest supply in relation to need

• It is present in relatively small amounts and is below the amino acids requirements

• is an essential amino acid that is missing, or present in inadequate amounts, in an incomplete dietary protein.

• Ex. Lysine (wheat, rice, oats and corn), methionine (beans and peas), and tryptophan (corn and beans)

• Soy is the only common plant protein that is a complete dietary protein.

enzyme

• Macromolecules that catalyze chemical reactions in the body 

• They increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being changed in the overall process

• They increase the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy 

• The majority of all known __ are globular proteins

• Each organism contains thousands of __

• are proteins that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction in a living organism

• it acts as a catalyst for specific chemical reactions, converting a specific set of reactants into specific products

Penicillin

 inhibits the enzyme that forms cell walls of bacteria, destroying the bacterium 

creatine phosphokinase

heart attack

alkaline phosphatase

liver or bone disease

acid phosphatase

prostate cancer