Biology Lab and Lecture Review

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary from Biology Labs 1 through 8, including metrics, biomolecules, cell processes, genetics, classification, and evolution.

Kilo (k)

$$1000$$

Centi (c)

$$1/100$$

Milli (m)

$$1/1000$$

Freezing Temperature (Celsius)

$0^{\circ}C$ ($32^{\circ}F$)

Room Temperature (Celsius)

$23^{\circ}C$ ($74^{\circ}F$)

Body Temperature (Celsius)

$37^{\circ}C$ ($98.6^{\circ}F$)

Boiling Temperature (Celsius)

$100^{\circ}C$ ($212^{\circ}F$)

Total Magnification Formula

$$\text{Ocular} \times \text{Objective} = \text{Total Magnification}$$

Monomer

A small, basic molecular unit that acts as a building block for biomolecules.

Glucose

A monosaccharide carbohydrate used for quick energy.

Cellulose

A carbohydrate used in plant cell walls.

Starch & Glycogen

Carbohydrates used for energy storage.

Hydrophobic

A property of lipids where they do not mix with water.

Amino acid

The monomer of proteins.

Nucleotide

The monomer of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Benedict's Test

A test for simple sugars; negative is blue, while positive ranges from green to red.

IKI Test

A test for starch; negative is brown, positive is black.

Biuret Test

A test for protein that reacts with peptide bonds; negative is blue, positive is purple.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute concentration.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution where water moves into the cell, potentially causing lysis in animal cells or turgidity in plant cells.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution where water moves out of the cell, causing crenation in animal cells or plasmolysis in plant cells.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal concentration where there is no net movement of water.

Enzymes

Protein catalysts that lower activation energy for chemical reactions.

Denaturation

When high temperature or extreme pH causes an enzyme to lose its shape and function.

Pepsin

An enzyme that works best at an optimal pH of around $2$.

Catalase Reaction

$$2H_2O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O + O_2$$

Photosynthesis Formula

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{Light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

Cellular Respiration

Process in the mitochondria using glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, $CO_2$, and water.

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

A process that produces ATP, $CO_2$, and ethanol without needing oxygen.

BTB Indicator (bromothymol blue)

A solution used to test pH; green is neutral, yellow is acidic, and blue is basic.

Gene

A segment of DNA.

Allele

A specific version of a gene.

Genotype

The specific alleles an organism possesses (e.g., AA, Aa, aa).

Phenotype

The physical appearance of an organism (e.g., brown eyes).

Homozygous Dominant

A genotype consisting of two capital letter alleles (AA).

Heterozygous

A genotype consisting of one dominant and one recessive allele (Aa).

Taxonomic Hierarchy Order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Stromatolites

The oldest fossils, made by ancient bacteria, approximately $3.5$ billion years old.

Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants like mosses that have flagellated sperm and a dominant gametophyte stage.

Ferns

Seedless vascular plants with xylem and phloem and a dominant sporophyte stage.

Gymnosperms

Plants with "naked seeds," such as conifers, featuring male and female cones.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants that produce fruit.

Prokaryotes

Smaller cells with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi, protists).

Mitochondria

The organelle responsible for making ATP, the primary energy-carrying molecule used by all living cells.

Ribosome

Organelle that makes proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that packages proteins.

Lysosome

Organelle used for digestion in animal cells.

Coccus

A spherical-shaped bacterium.

Bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterium.

Spirillum

A spiral-shaped bacterium.

Macroevolution

Large changes in organisms over millions of years supported by fossil, geological, and DNA evidence.

Omnivore

An organism with both sharp and flat teeth that eats both meat and plants.

Cervical Vertebrae

The $7$ vertebrae located in the neck portion of the spine.

Thoracic Vertebrae

The $12$ vertebrae located in the middle portion of the spine.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The $5$ vertebrae located in the lower back portion of the spine.