Bot-Lec (Sem-1) - Chapter 10: Angiosperms

angiosperm

traditional name for flowering plants; large, diverse phylum of plants that form flowers for sexual reproduction and produce seeds enclosed in fruits

ovule

structure in the ovary that contains a female gametophyte and develops into a seed after fertilization; enclosed within ovaries in angiosperms

ovary

base of a carpel or fused carpels that contains ovules and develops into a fruit after fertilization

pericarp

the part of a fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary

exocarp; mesocarp; endocarp

parts of a pericarp

exocarp

skin/peel of the fruit

mesocarp

fleshy part of the fruit

endocarp

fleshy skin surrounding the seed of the fruit

peduncle; receptacle; sepal; petal; stamen; anther; filament; pistil; stigma; style; ovary; ovule with embryo sac

parts of a flower

peduncle

identify the part labeled with a question mark; stalk of a flower

receptacle

identify the part labeled with a question mark; part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached

sepal

identify the part labeled with a question mark; outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud

petal

identify the part labeled with a question mark; parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored; used to attract pollinators

stamen

identify the part labeled with a question mark; pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther

anther

identify the part labeled with a question mark; part of the stamen where pollen is produced

filament

identify the part labeled with a question mark; a stalk-like structure that attaches to the base of the flower and supports the anther

pistil

identify the part labeled with a question mark; ovule producing part of a flower; ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma; mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed

stigma

identify the part labeled with a question mark; part of the pistil where pollen germinates

style

identify the part labeled with a question mark; the stalk that supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary

ovary

identify the part labeled with a question mark; enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced

ovule with embryo sac

identify the part labeled with a question mark; female gametophyte or embryo sac, which at maturity contains the gametes, develops within a specialized structure, the ovule

corolla

all of the petals of a flower

calyx

all of the sepals of a flower

perianth

all of the petals and sepals of a flower

Citrus sinensis

eudicot; orange; a tangy and sweet citrus fruit

nectary

a flower organ that secretes nectar; observed in orange blossoms

carpel wall

the wall of each section of an organ

cork; rubber; tobacco; coffee; chocolate; aromatic oils for perfumes; lumber; fibers; medicines

products derived from angiosperms

Quercus suber

eudicot; cork oak; primary source of cork

Hevea brasiliensis

eudicot; rubber tree/plant; native to the Amazonian basin; primary source of rubber

Nicotiana tabacum

eudicot; tobacco; nicotine

Coffea arabica

eudicot; coffee plant; major source of caffeine

Theobroma cacao

eudicot; cocoa; seeds are used to produce chocolate

cotyledon

seed leaf of a plant embryo, which may contain food stored for germination

monocot

group of flowering plants with a single cotyledon; floral parts in threes; include grasses, orchids, irises, onions, lilies, and palms

Trillium cernuum

monocot; nodding trillium

Adonidia merrillii

monocot; Arecaceae; Manila palm (native to Palawan)/Christmas palm (in the US, specifically Florida);

Arecaceae

palm family

Miscanthus sinensis

monocot; Poaceae; eulalia/Chinese silver grass; prominent flowers

Poaceae

grass family

Ophrys apifera

monocot; Orchidaceae; bee orchid; an example of sexually deceptive pollination and floral mimicry, a highly selective and highly evolved plant–pollinator relationship

Orchidaceae

orchid family

Allium cepa

monocot; Amaryllidaceae; onion; widely cultivated species of vegetable

Amaryllidaceae

amaryllis family; perennial and bulbous flowering plants

Iris reticulata

monocot; Iridaceae; netted iris; characterised by a fibrous net surrounding the bulb

Iridaceae

iris family

Lilium lancifolium

monocot; Liliaceae; tiger lily; Asian species of lily

Liliaceae

lily family

eudicot

two main classes of flowering plants; contain two cotyledons; floral parts in fours or fives; include oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, sunflowers

Tacitus bellus

eudicot; chihuahua flower

Quercus alba

eudicot; Fagaceae; white oak; one of the preeminent hardwoods of eastern and central North America

Fagaceae

beech family (beeches, chestnuts, and oaks)

Rosa chinensis

eudicot; Rosaceae; Chinese rose;

Rosaceae

rose family

Brassica oleracea

eudicot; Brassicaceae; cauliflower; composed of a white inflorescence meristem

Brassicaceae

mustard family

Ferocactus acanthodes

eudicot; Cactaceae; barrel cactus

Cactaceae

cactus family

Vaccinium angustifolium

eudicot; Ericaceae; lowbush blueberry

Ericaceae

heath/heather family

Helianthus annuus

eudicot; Asteraceae; common sunflower

Asteraceae

daisy family

sporophyte generation

larger and nutritionally independent

gametophyte generation

reduced to only a few microscopic cells

double fertilization

process in the flowering plant life cycle in which there are two fertilizations; one results in a zygote and the second results in an endosperm

antipodal cells

three haploid cells; situated at the opposite end to the micropyle; provide nourishment to the egg cell; rich in lipid content; form the basis of endosperm production

polar nuclei

either of two female haploid nuclei, in the embryo sac of flowers, that fuse to produce a diploid nucleus, which combines with a male nucleus to form the endosperm

synergids

two specialized cells that lie adjacent to the egg cell in the female gametophyte of angiosperms and play an essential role in pollen tube guidance and function

endosperm

3 n nutritive tissue formed at some point in the development of all angiosperm seeds

vessel elements

water-conducting feature in the xylem

sieve-tube elements

carbohydrate-conducting feature in the phloem; specialized cells that function in the conduction of sugars

apomixis

type of reproduction in which fruits and seeds are formed asexually

Drimys piperita

Archaefructus

oldest known fossil angiosperm (125 million years old from northeastern China)

Archaeanthus linnenbergeri

100 mya; scars on reproductive axis (receptacle

Amborella trichopoda

Amborellales; most basal angiosperm

Nymphea odorata

basal angiosperm; Nymphaeales; water lily

Illicium verum

basal angiosperm; Illiciales; star anise

Magnolia grandiflora

magnoliid; core angiosperm

basal angiosperm

one of three groups of angiosperms thought to be ancestral to all other flowering plants

core angiosperm

group including most angiosperm species; divided into three subgroups: magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots

magnoliid

one of the groups of flowering plants; core angiosperms once classified as “dicots,” but molecular evidence indicates they are neither eudicots nor monocots; includes species in magnolia, laurel, and black pepper families, several related families