Bio 228 Exam 1 - Corey Hanley

Decreased amount of fluid in the blood will cause what sort of change in blood viscosity?

Increased blood viscosity

Which is a hormone that increases the production of the erythrocyte progenitor cells (stimulates erythropoiesis)?

Erythropoietin

What type of leukocyte may increase in number if you develop "strep throat" (an infection of the throat by Streptococcus bacteria)?

Neutrophils

What surface antigens are present on a cell that is A+?

A-antigen, Rh factor (surface antigen D)

How are plasmas protein levels related to colloid osmotic pressure?

Osmotic pressure is exerted by plasma proteins. With increased plasma protein levels, osmotic pressure increases, and more fluid is drawn into the blood from the interstitial fluid.

What tissue is blood?

Connective

What steps of erythropoiesis do erythrocyte lose their nucleus?

Normoblasts

What type of infection neutralizes?

Bacteria

What blood type is called the universal donor?

O- (because it has no antigens)

Do low levels of plasma proteins increase or decrease osmotic colloid pressure?

Decrease; more plasma protein - pushes substances out

steps of erythropoiesis

1. Hemocytoblast

2. Progenitor cell

3. Proerythroblasts

4. Normoblasts

5. Reticulocyte

6. Mature erythrocyte

What is the difference between formed elements vs a cell

Formed elements- can have a nucleus

Cell- must have a nucleus

Hemoglobin has 2 groups, what are they? What do they bind to? How many of those molecules?

Heme- binds to o2, 4 molecules

Globin- binds to co2, 4 molecules

Which pathway includes prothrombin and thrombin?

Common pathway

What is the least common leukocyte?

Basophil- release histamine

What is the first step of hemostasis?

Blood vessel constriction

Type B has:

What type of blood will it agglutinate with?

-Anti A antibodies and surface antigen B

-A & AB

What could cause erythropoiesis?

Hypoxia - loss of red blood cells = low oxygen

What part of blood are electrolytes in?

Plasma- potassium, calcium, and sodium

What is unique about monocytes?

Can perform phagocytosis (the eating of another substance)

The releasing of ADP and Thromboxane A2 causes what?

Activation of platelets (platelets plug formation)

What do neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils have in common?

Granulocytes

What could happen if the wrong blood type is given through transfusion?

Agglutination

What age group has the most red bone marrow?

Children - under the age of 25

What are the categories of lymphocytes?

T-cells and B-cells

Hemopoiesis is ____

Formation of all types of blood cells

T or F: RH- blood always has RH antibodies.

Why/when would those antibodies be present?

False

When RH- blood comes in contacts with RH+ blood

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Transportation (carrying oxygen)

Which pathway includes factor 3, 7 and calcium (hemostasis)

Extrinsic- damage from outside the blood vessel (**external damage)

What step of hemostasis includes collagen and Von Willebrand factor?

Platelet plug formation (second step)

What effect would low levels of plasma proteins have (think osmosis)?

Decreases osmotic colloid pressure, fluid retention in interstitial space

Valves

-Flow one way, prevents back flow

-Papillary muscles hold valves in place and tendinous cords

EKG

-3rd degree AV block

-P wave happens really close to the T wave

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle tissue

What is the difference between veins and arteries?

Arteries- carry blood away from the heart

Veins- carry blood toward the heart

Systemic

-Body

-Directional blood flow, one way

Pulmonary

-Heart & lungs

Pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

Pericardium

fibers, parietal, pericardial cavity, visceral (epicardium)

Fibrous skeleton

-Dense

-Provides structural support (provides a place for cardiac muscle to attach)

-Anchors valves

-Electrical insulation

-Separates A & V

Coronary vessels

-"Widow maker"

-Anterior inter-ventricular

-Occlusion of anterior inter-ventricular

Conduction system

-SA node

-AV node

-Bundle branches

-Purkinje fibers

Parasympathetic

-Nodal (slow sodium and fast calcium)

-Cardiac (fast sodium and slow calcium)

Gap junctions

Fast spread of electrical signal

V fib

What happens right before flat line

Cardiac output

Stroke volume x heart rate

Cardiac cycle

1. Atrial systole (atria contracting)

2. Early ventricular systole

3. Late ventricular systole

4. Atrial diastole

5. Ventricle diastole

Cross bridge cycle

Skeletal muscle

Intrinsic

-Internal damage of blood vessel

- XII (12)

- XI (11)

- IX (9)

- VIII (8)

Extrinsic

-External damage of blood vessel

-Factor 3 & 7 trigger pieces of the extrinsic pathway with Ca2+

Common path steps:

1. X (10)

2. Prothrombin activator

3. Thrombin

4. Fibrinogen

5. Fibrin-mer (insoluable)