cell structures and functions

characteristics of prokaryotic cells

-no nucleus

-DNA in nucleoid

-no membrane bound organelles

-cell wall

eukaryotic cells

-DNA in nucleus bounded by nuclear envelope

-membrane bound organelles

-compartmentalize cell

-incompatible processes go on at same time

-enzymes built into membranes—→ specific reactions

function of ribosomes

carry out protein synthesis by translating genetic instructions from mRNA

cell membrane function

separates the interior and external environment and regulates movement of substances in and out of cell.

cytosol and cytoplasm function

gel like material that holds all internal structures

cytoskeleton function

enables internal transportation and cell movement

microvilli

increases surface area to maximize absorption

cilia

hair like structures that move fluids, clear debris, act as cellular sensors

centrosome/centrioles

centrosome=main microtubule (cytoskeleton) organizing center (animal cells)

centrioles=organize matrix and build cilia and flagella

mitochondria

primary energy producing center, converts nutrients into chemical energy

nucleus

store, protect, manage cells DNA

nucleolus

manufactures and assembles ribosomes

rough ER

synthesize, fold, and check proteins

smooth ER

makes lipids, detoxifies poisons, stores calcium

golgi body

modify (add chemical tags), sort, and package proteins or lipids

lysosome

primary waste disposal and recycling center

enzymes—>break down molecules ie. proteins carbs

peroxisome

break down fatty acids and clear out toxic chemicals

cell wall

provide structural strength, support, protection to cell

chloroplast

photosynthesis—> converts sunlight into chemical energy

vacuole

stores water, nutrients, and waste products