Biology 4- Organising animals and plants 2

What is the function of the aorta?

Carries oxygenated blood around the body

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs

What are the parts of the heart?

\-Aorta

\-Pulmonary vein

\-Left atrium

\-Left ventricle

\-Right ventricle

\-Right atrium

\-Vena cava

\-Pulmonary artery

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Pumps blood around the body

What is the function of the right ventricle?

Pumps blood to the lungs

What is the function of the vena cava?

Bring deoxygenated blood into the heart

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Name the 4 components of blood.

\-Red blood cells

\-Plasma

\-Platelets

\-White blood cells

What is the function of red blood cells?

Binds to oxygen and transports it around the body

What is the function of plasma?

Transports substances and blood cells around the body

What is the function of white blood cells?

Part of the immune system to defend the body against pathogens

What is the function of platelets?

Form blood clots to create barriers to infections

What is the function of a vein?

Carries blood to the heart

What is the function of an artery?

Carries blood away from the heart

What is the function of a capillary?

\-Carries blood to tissues and cells

\-Connects arteries and veins

What is the structure of an artery?

\-Thick muscular and elastic walls

\-The walls can stretch and withstand high pressure

\-Small lumen

What are the three types of blood vessel?

\-Artery

\-Vein

\-Capillary

What is the structure of a capillary?

\-One cell thick wall- short diffusion distance for substances to move between the blood and tissues

\-Very narrow lumen

What is the structure of a vein?

\-Have valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way

\-Thin walls

\-Large lumen

What happens when you breathe in?

1. Air moves into the body through the mouth and nose
2. Air moves down the trachea
3. Moves into the bronchi
4. Through the bronchioles
5. Into the alveoli

What is coronary heart disease?

A build up of fatty material in the coronary arteries

What types of heart valves can a faulty valve be replaced with?

\-Biological valves (pig or cow)

\-Mechanical valves (Titanium and polymers)

What are the function and structure of the spongy mesophyll?

Function:-

To allow gas diffusion

Structure:-

\-Spherical shapes

\-Lots of air spaces for quick has diffusion

\-Large surface area to increase has exchange

What is the function and structure of the upper epidermis?

Function:-

To protect against water loss

Structure:-

\-Single layer of cells

\-Transparent to allow light to pass through

What is the function of the stomata?

Small opening to allow gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf

What is the function of the guard cells?

Control the opening and closing of the stomata

What is the structure of a guard cell?

\-Thick inner wall

\-Thin outer wall

What is the function of the waxy cuticle?

To make the leaf water proof

Name the layers of a leaf.

\-Waxy cuticle

\-Upper epidermis

\-Palisade mesophyll

\-Spongy mesophyll

\-Lower epidermis

\-Stomata

\-Guard cells

What is transpiration?

Water is lost through the stomata by evaporation. This pulls water up from the roots through the xylem.

What is the importance of translocation?

\-Moves dissolved sugars made in the leaves during photosynthesis

\-Allows for respiration, growth and glucose storage to happen

What is the importance of transpiration?

\-Provides water to cells to keep them turgid

\-Provides water to cells for photosynthesis

\-Transports mineral ions to leaves

What is the transpiration stream?

The constant movement of water up the xylem

What is translocation?

The movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem

What is the function and structure of the palisade mesophyll?

Function:-

Photosynthesis

Structure:-

\-Tightly packed cells

\-Lots of chloroplasts to absorb light

What are the structures of the phloem?

\-Moves water and dissolved sugars

\-Cells have end walls with small holes to allow substances to flow through

\-Substances transported in both directions

What are the structures of the xylem vessel?

\-One way transport of water and mineral ions

\-Made of dead cells joined together

\-Thick wall stiffened with lighin

Name the 4 factors affecting the rate of transpiration.

\-Temperature

\-Humidity

\-Wind speed

\-Light intensity

How does temperature effect transpiration?

High temperatures increase the rate of transpiration

Why does temperature effect transpiration?

Water evaporates faster in higher temperatures

How does humidity effect transpiration?

Lower humidity increases the rates of transpiration

Why does humidity effect transpiration?

The drier the air, the steeper the concentration gradient of water molecules between the air and leaf

How does wind speed effect transpiration?

More wind increases the rate of transpiration

Why does wind speed effect transpiration?

Wind removes the water vapour quickly, maintaining a steep concentration gradient

How does light intensity effect transpiration?

Higher light intensity increases the rate of transpiration

Why does light intensity effect transpiration?

Stomata open wider to let more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis