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Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary and concepts in molecular genetics.
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Mendel's Hereditary Factors
Heritable "factors" responsible for dominant or recessive traits, showing predictable segregation patterns.
Boveri and Sutton
Proposed that chromosomes bear hereditary factors in accordance with Mendelian laws.
Sex Chromosome Inheritance
Determines sex; females can pass either X chromosome, males either X or Y.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Involved Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) to study heredity patterns, linking eye color to the X chromosome.
Frederick Griffith
Studied Streptococcus pneumoniae strains to discover genetic information transfer.
Plasmids
Circular DNA molecules in prokaryotes that facilitate genetic information exchange via transformation.
Bacteriophages
Viruses that infect bacteria, playing a key role in revealing DNA's role in heredity.
Hershey-Chase Experiment
Demonstrated that nucleic acids, not proteins, encode heritable information.
Erwin Chargaff
Reported that DNA composition varies across species, supporting DNA as the genetic material.
Watson and Crick
Deduced DNA's double helix structure, explaining how DNA stores information.
Chargaff's Rule
Adenosine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
Telomeres
Stretches of DNA at chromosome ends that protect the chromosome.
Codons
Sequences of three DNA base pairs that code for one amino acid within a gene.
Karyotype
A display of chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
Transcription
Synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template.
Translation
Synthesis of a polypeptide from the genetic information in mRNA, done by ribosomes.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A single-stranded RNA molecule used as a template.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Carries individual amino acids that are complementary to mRNA codons.
DNA Replication
Each single DNA strand serves as a template for synthesizing a complementary strand.
Semi-Conservative Replication
A double-stranded DNA molecule contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Helicase
Unwinds the double helix at replication fork.
DNA Polymerase III
Synthesizes new DNA strands, adding to the 3' end.
Messenger mRNA
Copied from a gene; mRNA has a complementary base pair sequence with the DNA template strand.
Promoter
Region of DNA where transcriptional proteins bind.
tRNA
Brings methionine to the start codon during translation initiation.
Release Factor
The ribosome accepts this protein at the stop codon on mRNA during translation.
Bacteriophages
Viruses of prokaryotes
Retrovirus
Genetic information is carried by RNA instead of DNA