BI 233 respiratory system

tidal volume

regular in and out breathing

residual volume

amount of air left in the lungs after max exhalation

expiratory capacity

TV + ERV

total lung capacity

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

vital capacity

TV + IRV + ERV

forced vital capacity

air being physically forced out of the lungs

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

how much air leaves that first second of exhalation

pulmonary ventilation

air in and out of lungs from high to low pressure

boyle’s law (volume/pressure)

if volume increases, then pressure decreases

2 groups of neural control over breathing

ventral and dorsal

ventral neural control group

pattern generator of in and out rhythmdor

dorsal neural control group

slow down or speed up, changes depth of respirations

receptors in the medulla detect __ (1)

CO2

receptors in the aorta and carotid detect __ (3)

pH, CO2, O2

dalton’s law

in a mixture, each gas exerts a pressure equal to its amount of pressure

factors of external respiration (5)

1. partial pressure gradient

2. solubility coefficients

3. membrane thickness

4. membrane area

5. ventilation

oxygen transportation (1)

hemoglobin preferentially changes how much oxygen it drops off depending on tissue workload

carbon dioxide transport methods (3)

1. dissolve in plasma

2. CO2 → carbonic acid via carbonic anhydrase

3. carbonic acid → bicarb and hydrogen

factors of oxygen affinity (3)

1. temperature

2. pH

3. hormones that increase metabolic rate

pneumonia

inflammation, swelling, edema leads to a thickened resp. membrane resulting in low O2 saturation and hypoxemia

tuberculosis

infected alveolar macrophages get walled off forming fibrous nodules/tubercles resulting in low lung compliance

emphysema

irritants, smoking, air pollution breaks down alveolar tissue → scar tissue → low lung compliance and increased energy expenditure

chronic bronchitis

resp. cilia destroyed, goblet cells overproduce mucus resulting in chronic cough and sputum, bronchial tree infection

squamous cell carcinoma

columnar to squamous cells replacing functional lung tissue

adenocarcinoma

cancerous mucus glands

small cell carcinoma

non differentiated cell clusters, quick metastisis

type I pneumocyte

thin for diffusion

type II pneumocyte

cuboidal for surfactant production

what volume is letter A?

tidal volume

what volume is letter B?

inspiratory reserve volume

what volume is letter C?

functional residual capacity

what volume is letter D?

residual volume

what is the volume for letter E?

inspiratory capacity

what is the volume for letter F?

expiratory reserve volume

what is the volume for letter G?

vital capacity

what is the volume for letter H?

total lung capacity

ID the pink arrow

trachea

ID the blue arrow

right horizontal fissure

ID the yellow arrow

carina

ID the orange circle

hilus

ID the red arrow

cardiac notch

ID the purple circle

cardiac impression

ID the black arrow

left oblique fissure

ID the green arrow

right oblique fissure

ID the black arrow

hyoid bone

ID the blue arrow

epiglottis

ID the green arrow

thyrohyoid ligament

ID the yellow arrow

laryngeal prominence

ID the red arrow

thyroid cartilage

ID the pink arrow

cricothyroid ligament