Block 5: Week 2 (Urinary System and Reproductive System)

filtrate is squeezed out of the ___________ and enters into the ____________ _______.

glomerulus, capsular space

urine exits the body via…

urethra

what are ureters?

long, thin, paired muscular tubes

long, thin, paired muscular tubes that transport urine

ureters

what do ureters do?

transport urine via peristalsis to bladder

what structure transports urine via peristalsis from kidneys to urinary bladder?

ureters

why do ureters use peristalsis to pump urine to urinary bladder (why not just rely on gravity)?

peristalsis prevents backflow at any position

what is the ureter mucosa composed of?

transitional epithelium and binucleated cells

multiple layers of superficial flattened/rounded cells

transitional epithelium

what is the function of ureter mucosa?

what is ureter muscularis composed of?

2 layers of smooth muscle

what is ureter adventitia composed of?

areolar CT

what are renal calculi?

kidney stones

what is the biggest factor in developing a kidney stone?

frequent dehydration

what is the urinary bladder?

muscular urine reservoir

when the bladder is EMPTY it looks like an upside-down________in the _______ _____.

when the bladder is FULL it is an _____ budging into the ___________ cavity.

pyramid, true pelvis, oval, abdominal

the narrow base of the bladder is the…

neck

what is bladder mucosa composed of?

transitional epithelium

what is the bladder submucosa composed of?

dense irregular CT

the muscularis of the bladder contains how many layers?

3

how many layers of muscular detrusor tissue is in the bladder?

3

what is the involuntary smooth muscle throughout the bladder?

detrusor muscle

what is the internal urethral sphincter composed of?

smooth muscle

thickening of the detrusor muscle is called the…

internal urethral sphincter

the internal urethral sphincter is __________. the external urethral sphincter is ____________.

involuntary, voluntary

what is the adventitia of the bladder composed of?

areolar CT

what is the urethra?

singular muscular tube running from bladder to exterior

function of the urethra?

expels urine from the body

the urethra pierces a group of skeletal muscles called the…

urogenital diaphragm

skeletal muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm thicken to form the…

external urethral sphincter

the external urethral sphincter is a ____________ sphincter controlled by the __________ nerve.

voluntary, pudenal

what does the pudenal nerve control voluntarily?

external urethral sphincter

describe the urethra associated with the vulva?

carries urine only, short, distensible

describe the urethra associated with the penis?

carries urine and semen, long, not distensible

people with a shorter urethra associated with the vulva are more likely to get uti’s because…

urethra is closer to anus and closer to bladder

it is harder to place a catheter in a urethra associated with the penis because…

urethra is longer and not distensible

identify 1-7

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia, mucosa, lamina propria, transitional epithelium, lumen

identify 1-4?

adventitia, outer circular layer, inner longitudinal layer, and transitional epithelium

what is this?

ureter

identify 1-6?

ureter, detrusor muscle, neck, internal urethral sphincter, urethra, external urethral sphincter

identify 7-11?

transitional epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, detrusor muscle of muscularis, adventitia

identify 1-5 on the bladdr histology slides?

transitional epithelium, lamina propria, mucosa, submucosa, detrusor muscle

identify the two blank spots?

internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter

identify the two blank spots?

internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter

name 1-3?

cortex, medulla, renal corpuscle

name 1-6?

PCT, glomerulus, capsular space, DCT, glomerular capsule, macula densa

name 1 and 2?

cortex, medulla

name 1-2?

transitional epithelium and muscularis

name 1-2?

transitional epithelium, muscularis

label 1-2?

transitional epithelium, binucleated cell

what is this?

urinary bladder

what is 1 and 2?

transitional epithelium, muscularis

what is 1?

transitional epithelium

what is this?

adrenal gland

identify 1-4?

cortex, adipose tissue, medulla, capsule

identify 1-3?

medulla, cortex, and capsule

cell division when gametes are formed

meiosis

what is meiosis?

cell division forming gametes

what are the 2 kinds of gametes?

sperm cells or oocytes

what is the product of meosis?

Four genetically unique gametes

what is a replicated chromosome?

double stranded chromosome with 2 identical sister chromatids

double stranded chromosome with 2 identical sister chromatids

replicated chromosome

what is a pair of chromosomes made up of?

1 maternal and 1 paternal chromosme

what do you call one maternal and one paternal chromosome?

pair of chromosomes

what does a diploid cell contain?

2 sets of chromosomes from each parent.

what kind of cell contains 2 sets of chromosomes from each parent?

diploid cell

almost all cells in our body are…

diploid

what does a haploid cell contain?

1 set of chromosomes from each parent.

what cell contains one single copy of each chromosome from each parent?

haploid cell

what is interchangable for the term “homologous chromosomes”?

pair of chromosomes

what kind of chromosomes contain genes that code for the same cellular function?

homologous chromosomes

a chromosome (previously a sister chromatid) and a centromere that is NOT duplicated…

single-stranded chromosome

is a single-stranded chromosome duplicated?

no

what is a single stranded chromosome?

a chromosome that was once a sister chromatid and a centromere

how many cells are produced in mitosis?

2

how many chromosomes and how many chromosome pairs are produced in mitosis?

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

what is the result of mitosis?

2 identical daughter cells

what kind of cells are produced by mitosis?

diploid cells

diploid cells produced by mitosis have ____ of each chromosome.

2

in mitosis cell division occurs…

once

in which process does cell division occur once?

mitosis

what process produces diploid cells?

mitosis

what process produces 2 identical daughter cells?

mitosis

what process produces 2 cells containing 46 chromosomes and 23 pairs?

mitosis

how many cells are produced by meiosis?

4

how many chromosomes are produced in meiosis?

23 chromosomes

what is the result of meiosis?

genetically different daughter cells

what kind of cells are produced by meiosis?

haploid cells

cell division happens how many times in meiosis?

twice

haploid cells produced by meiosis contain ____ of each chromosome.

1

in what process are haploid cells produced?

meiosis

what process produces genetically different daughter cells?

meiosis

what process produces 4 cells containing only 23 chromosomes?

meiosis

in what phase is DNA replicated prior to mitosis?

Interphase

during interphase DNA will form ___________ (______ stranded) chromosomes.

replicated, double

what is the result of interphase?

cell with 23 pairs of replicated chromosomes

23 of the chromosomes produces during __________ belong to one parent, the other 23 belong to the other.

Interphase

In Interphase, because the cell contains a complete set of chromosomes from each parent, the cell is…

diploid

what happens during interphase?

DNA replication, 23 pairs of chromosomes from each parent makes a diploid cell

describe the chromosomes after interphase?

a complete set of 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent