Chapter 15

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Technology Advances

Refers to improvements in fields like medicine, agriculture, and communication that accelerated population growth, cultural exchange, and environmental impact.

Population Growth Factors

Includes lower death rates, improved healthcare, better agriculture, and urbanization that contributed to a rapid increase in human population.

Slowing Population Growth Factors

Family planning, education, urbanization, and economic changes that led to reduced birth rates toward the end of the twentieth century.

Urban Growth

Significant increase in urban populations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, resulting in the rise of megacities and slums.

Environmental Impact of Urbanization

Urban growth has resulted in increased pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion.

Causes of Migration

Migration influenced by war, colonialism, and economic opportunity leading to cultural diversity and social tension.

Global Health Responses

International cooperation, health organizations, and quarantine measures have improved responses to diseases and pandemics in the last century.

Expressions of Identity

Nationalism, ethnic movements, and identity politics have shaped how racial, national, and ethnic identities are expressed.

Challenges to Nationalism

Globalization, regionalism, and identity politics have questioned traditional ideas of national loyalty.

Religion Changes

Secularization in some areas and religious revival in others, alongside the global spread of religions over the past century.

Islamic Fundamentalism

Political instability, foreign influence, and social change contributing to the rise of Islamic revivalism and radicalism.

Anthropocene Era Evidence

Human impact on climate, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion signal the transition to a new geological age.

Environmental Impact of the Anthropocene

Major challenges including climate change, pollution, and habitat destruction.

Effects of Climate Change

Melting ice, sea-level rise, extreme weather patterns, and species extinction as significant impacts of global warming.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Trends

Industrialization, deforestation, and energy consumption are key contributors to rising CO₂ emissions.

Environmentalism in Global South

Focuses on local impacts and justice, contrasting with industrialized states that emphasize policy and technology.

Twenty-first Century Environmentalism

Characterized by global cooperation, sustainability, and grassroots activism.

Cultural Evolution Factors

Globalization, media, and migration have spread cultures influenced by broader political and economic forces.

Significance of Twentieth Century Changes

Technological advances, global interconnectedness, and environmental challenges justify the 20th century as a distinct phase in world history.