AP CHEM_ Unit 8 Study Guide

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What defines an acid according to the Arrhenius theory?

An acid is a substance that produces H+ ions in aqueous solution.

What defines a base according to the Arrhenius theory?

A base is a substance that produces OH- ions in aqueous solution.

What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

Strong acids completely dissociate in water, while weak acids only partially dissociate.

What are conjugate acid-base pairs?

Conjugate acid-base pairs consist of an acid and its corresponding base that differ by a proton.

How does one calculate pH from H+ concentration?

pH = -log[H+].

What is the role of buffers in a solution?

Buffers maintain a stable pH by neutralizing small amounts of added acid or base.

What does the equivalence point in titration signify?

The equivalence point is when the number of moles of acid equals the number of moles of base in the reaction.

What is the relationship between Ka and Kb for conjugate acid-base pairs?

Ka * Kb = Kw, where Kw is the ion product of water.

What is the ICE table used for in acid-base equilibria?

ICE tables (Initial, Change, Equilibrium) are used to calculate the concentrations of species at equilibrium in a reaction.

What happens to the pH of a solution as the concentration of H+ ions increases?

As the concentration of H+ ions increases, the pH decreases, indicating a more acidic solution.

Describe a polyprotic acid.

A polyprotic acid can donate more than one proton (H+) and releases them sequentially.

What is the significance of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?

The equation pH = pKa + log[A-][HA] is used to calculate the pH of a buffer solution depending on the concentration of the weak acid and its conjugate base.

What is a spectator ion?

A spectator ion is an ion that does not participate in the chemical reaction and is present in the solution but does not change.

What is the definition of strong electrolytes?

Strong electrolytes are substances that completely dissociate into ions in solution.

What is the general result of a neutralization reaction?

A neutralization reaction typically results in the formation of water and a salt.

How do weak bases behave in water?

Weak bases partially ionize in water, establishing an equilibrium between the un-ionized base and its ions.