AP World History Unit 2: Networks of Exchange

Trans-Saharan Trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

Silk Roads

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Textiles

cloth items

Kashgar

a central trading point where the Eastern and Western Silk Roads met.

Samarkand

During the rule of Timur Lane was the most influential captial city, a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs.

Bills of Exchange

a written order to a person requiring the person to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a named payee; a promissory note.

Banking Houses

These European banks developed during the Middle Ages to aid trade. Along with innovations such as bills of exchange, or bank drafts, and credit; Supported the development of interregional trade in luxury goods.

paper money

legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins

Khanates

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Uyghur script

Turkish letters used in Arabic and Some Cyrillic languages

Indian Ocean Trade

worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

compass

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer that shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Swahili city-states

-dominated trade along the east African coast
-city state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa

Gujarat

-Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.
-rich trading state seized by Delhi Sultanate in 1298

Malacca

-Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)
-dominated narrowest part of Malay Peninsula. It became an important port and a place for merchants to meet and trade.

Diasporic communities

merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

monsoon winds

These carried ships on the Indian Ocean between India and Africa;
a seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia caused by the differences in temperatures between the rapidly heating and cooling landmasses of Africa and Asia.

Camel Saddle

An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route. Invented somewhere between 500 and 100 BCE by Bedouin tribes.

Caravans

A group of people traveling together for mutual protection, often with pack animals such as camels.

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Bubonic Plague

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Bananas in Africa

Brought into Africa through the Indian Ocean Sea Lanes and spread all through Africa as the Bantus migrated. Provided extra nutrition in the diet and helped increase the population of Africa to 17 million

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

flying cash

Enabled merchants to deposit good or cash at one location and draw the equivalent in cash or merchandise elsewhere in China.

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Pax Mongolica

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.

Golden Horde

-Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.
-The Golden Horde was the group of settled Mongols who ruled over Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and the Caucasus from the 1240s until 1502

Il-Khanate

Mongol rule in Persia deferred to local Persian authorities, who administered whom as long as they delivered taxes to the Mongols and maintained order.

Lanteen Sail

A triangular sail used to sail against the wind.

caravanserai

an inn in some Eastern countries with a large courtyard that provides accommodation for caravanssignificance: facilitated trade by making it easier

syncretic/syncretism

a union or attempted fusion of different religions, cultures, or philosophies

Luxury goods that were traded

(Exported) Silk, teas, salt, sugar, porcelain, and spires
(Imported) Cotton, Ivory, Wool, Gold, Silver

Rudder

used to steer the boat; an advancement in naval tech.

Eurasia

Home to majority of world population; economically productive; involved with India, China, Middle East, and Mediterranean.
(Home of Mongols and Silk Road)

Nomadism

A way of life in which a community has no permanent settlement but moves from place to place, usually seasonally and within a defined territory.

Khan

Title given to Mongol leaders, meaning "supreme ruler"

Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan)

An astute political strategist and brilliant military commander; ruler of Mongols from 1206 to 1227; responsible for the Mongol expansion

Khubilai/Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China; he establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294)

Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty was a period of time when China was under the rule of the Mongol Empire. The Yuan ruled China from 1279 to 1368.
centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

Transfer to Greco-Islamic knowledge to western Europe

-Found when conquering Muslim area, during the crusades, raid of Islamic libraries allowed for the recovery of lost literature
-when the mongols got a hold of china they picked up the medical science and Arabic number system and transferred it to Europe.

Transfer to numbering systems to Europe

-Increased cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of the numbering systems being used, through the conquering of Muslim areas
-when the mongols got a hold of china they picked up the medical science and Arabic number system and transferred it to Europe.

adoption of Uyghur script

- Genghis Khan's effort to unify his empire including directing a scribe captured in 1204 to adapt the Uyghur alphabet to represent mongols
- effort to establish one system throughout the empire but failed
- alphabet still used today in Mongolia

White Lotus Society

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule

Arab & Persian communities in Southeast Asia

- merchants settle and marry women they met there first to bring Islam through non missionary ways
- trade with cities on coast of India
-prosperity through trade

Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia

- traded cotton, tea, silk, metals, opium, and salt
Diasporic Communities (a large group of people with a similar heritage)

Malay communities in the Indian Ocean basin

known as spices island because of fragments nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamon
Diasporic Communities (a large group of people with a similar heritage)

Larger ship designs

A very large flat bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.
Mainly the Junk ships rather than the smaller more aerodynamic ship, the Dhow)

Ming Admiral Zheng He

Led naval voyages, which enhanced Chinese prestige
(transoceanic maritime reconnaissance.)

Diaspora

Diaspora

trans-saharan caravan routes

Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara

Steppe

grassland plains without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes)

Savanna

a mixed woodland-grassland ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.

Bantu

A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.

Camel Saddle

An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route. Invented somewhere between 500 and 100 BCE by Bedouin tribes.

Mali Empire of West Africa

Mansa Musa was king of the region; he was known for his pilgrimage to Mecca

Oases

A fertile spot in the desert where water is found.

Arabian Desert

A desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia

Sundiata

the founder of Mali empire, crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes. significance: brought prosperity to Ghana

Mansa Musa

the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa from 1312 to 1337 CE. Controlling territories rich in gold and copper, as well as monopolising trade between the north and interior of the continent, the Mali elite grew extremely wealthy

Songhay Kingdom

Islamic empire established in the 1400s (following the decline of the Mali Empire) and lasting until. the 1600s. The capital city, Gao, was commercially successful. Following a campaign of expansion led by Sunni.

The influence of Buddhism in east Asia

*The influence of Buddhism in East Asia - in response to the materialism (focus on wealth and material possessions) of East Asia, Buddhism and Buddhist Monasteries grew in number, size, and influence.

The spread of Hiduism & Buddhism into Southeast Asia

Hinduism and Buddhism were always popular in India and both used a strict polytheistic approach to worship. Both of the religions were polytheistic and maintained peace together.

Ibn al-Athir

13 century Arab historian who write a history of the first crusade from the Arab prospective. 1095-1099

The spread of Islam in sub-subharan Africa & Asia

the spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (Islam spread through Trans-Saharan trade and Indian Ocean Trade in Africa. King in Ghana converted to Islam),

Gunpowder from China

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.

Paper from China

Used for currency and printing; Invented during the classical period/ Han Dynasty
Which led to a boom in writing and note-keeping

Margery Kempe (1373-1438)

Wrote the Book of Margery Kempe - considered the 1st autobiography in the Eng. language. Chronicles her pilgrimages to holy sites in Europe and Asia. Claimed to have vision that called her to leave the vanities of the world (saw vision of Christ). Was tempted by sex and jealousy, but was devout. Acts as best insight that points to a mid. class female experience in the Middle Ages. Records the tension in late medieval England between orthodoxy and religious dissent. Was tried for illegal acts, but proved orthodoxy. Went into crying fits and many were skeptical, but eventually believed she spoke with God.

Bananas in Africa

-This product was brought into Africa through the Indian Ocean Sea Lanes

-Between 300 CE and 500 CE this product began to spread all through Africa

-As the Bantus migrated, they brought this with them

-It provided extra nutrition in the diet and helped increase the population of Africa to 17 million

Malay seafarers colonized Madagascar and established banana cultivation there, and it easily spread to the mainland.

New rice varieties in East Asia

a rapid increase in East Asian populations;

Spread of Citrus in the Mediterranean

Through diffusion of crops; similar to spread of rice and bananas

Bubonic Plague along trade routes

Since Europe continued trading, it spread very quickly along trade routes

Environmental degradation

Depletion of resources such as the removal of trees causing the soil to erode-caused gradual decline and disappearance of harappan and mohenjo-daro civs