Chapter 6: Proteins, Amino Acids and Protein Turnover

This set of flashcards covers key terms and concepts related to proteins, amino acids, and their metabolic processes as discussed in Chapter 6.

Proteins

Large, complex molecules found in cells of all living things, dictated by genetic material (DNA) and made from 20 different amino acids.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins, with a structure that includes a central carbon, an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that cannot be produced in sufficient quantities by the body and must be obtained through food.

Nonessential Amino Acids

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities.

Transamination

The process by which an amine group is transferred from one amino acid to another.

Peptide Bond

The bond formed between two amino acids through a condensation reaction, releasing water.

Protein Turnover

The process of degrading existing proteins to provide the building blocks for new proteins.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Transcription

The process of copying the DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus.

Translation

The process of translating the sequence of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids at the ribosome.

Urea Excretion

The process by which excess nitrogen from protein metabolism is converted to urea in the liver and excreted in urine.

Protein Digestion

The process of breaking down dietary proteins into single amino acids primarily in the stomach and small intestine.

Nitrogen Balance

The state achieved when nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excretion in the body.

Complete Proteins

Proteins that contain all essential amino acids in adequate amounts.

Incomplete Proteins

Proteins that are lacking one or more essential amino acids.

Mutual Supplementation

Combining different food sources to make a complete protein.

High Protein Diets

Diets that may pose risks for heart disease, bone health, and kidney disease but can also provide benefits.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic disorder resulting from a mutation that affects hemoglobin production, causing red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped.